ODOR EMISSIONS FROM LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY PRODUCTION/WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

摘要

The objective of this paper is to briefly summarize the available literature on the concentrations and emissionsof odor from livestock and poultry buildings and manure management systems (storage and treatment units). Thequantification of emissions or emission rates for odor, gases, dust, and microorganisms from both point sources (buildings)and area sources (beef and dairy cattle feedlot surfaces, manure storage and treatment units and manure applied on cropland)is being intensely researched in the U.S., in many European countries, Japan, and Australia. However, the accuratequantification of emissions is difficult since so many factors (time of year and day, temperature, humidity, wind speed, solarintensity and other weather conditions, ventilation rates, housing type, manure properties or characteristics, and animalspecies, stocking density, and age) are involved in the generation and dispersion of airborne materials. Furthermore, there areno standardized methods for the collection, measurement and calculation of such constituents, resulting significant variabilityand extreme range in the published literature. In fact, emission rates of only a few airborne contaminants have beeninvestigated. Ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and methane emissions have been more thoroughly studied than other gases andcompounds because of the negative environmental impacts or human health concerns associated with them. Unfortunately,there is very little emission data for other contaminants such as odor, nitrous oxide, non-methane volatile organic compounds,dust, and endotoxins. The long-term impacts of these constituents on the environment and on human health are also notknown.