Desalination systems can be conceptualized as power cycles, in which the useful work output is the work of separation of fresh water from saline water. In this framing, thermodynamic analysis provides powerful tools for raising energy efficiency. This paper discusses the use of entropy generation minimization for a spectrum of desalination systems, including those based on reverse osmosis, humidification-dehumidification, membrane distillation, electrodialysis, and forward osmosis. The energy efficiency of desalination is shown to be maximized when entropy generation is minimized. Equipartition of entropy generation is considered and applied to these systems. The mechanisms of entropy generation in these systems are characterized, including the identification of major causes of irreversibility. Methods to limit discarded exergy are also identified. Prospects and technology development needs for further improvement are mentioned briefly.
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