RECLAMATION AND REUSE OF WATER FROM OIL AND GAS WELLS' DRILLING MUDS AND FROM FRACTURING WASTE: A NOVEL FORWARD OSMOSIS APPROACH

摘要

Environmental impacts and implications of drilling and hydraulic fracturing of oil and gas (O&G) wells are becoming of greater concern in the United States and around the world, especially when the challenges of how to safely manage drilling and fracturing waste, and produced water are concerned. Local, state, and the federal governments are enforcing more stringent regulations on O&G companies, increasing discharge limits on drilling fluids and fracturing waste.