Antibiotics are used routinely for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes in animals and humans, and some have also been used as growth promoters to improve animal production. On most dairy farms, different combinations of antibiotics and routes of treatment are used for prevention and control of diseases affecting dairy cows. A high level of antibiotic resistance among bacteria isolated from food-producing animals (Aarestrup et al, 1998) and from the environment (van Dijck and van de Voorde, 1976) has been reported. Food-producing animals have been suggested as a possible reservoir of both resistant bacteria and resistance genes that could be transferred to humans either directly via the food chain or indirectly as a result of spread of animal wasteon cropland. Data from the Center for Disease Prevention and Control showed that the emergence of antimicrobial drug resistant bacteria correlated with increased use of antimicrobial agents (Nwosu, 2001). Endogenous bacterial flora may play an importantrole as acceptors and/or donors of transmissible drug resistance genes. Escherichia coli are commonly found in the intestinal tract of humans and animals and are also implicated in human and animal infectious diseases. Virtually all research to date onantibiotic-resistant bacteria in the environment has focused on bacteria of fecal origin and selective pressure of antibiotics released through feces and urine on development of antibiotic resistance in indigenous soil bacteria. Microorganisms move easily between ecosystems: from human and animals to soil and water and vice versa. Thus, resistant genes acquired by organisms in one ecosystem can easily be transferred among organisms in other ecosystems. In addition, there is a greater global mobility ofbacteria potentially facilitating the spread of microorganisms and their genes around the world. There is no doubt that understanding the pattern of resistance should be approached from ecological and global perspectives. On the farm, the correlation between use of antimicrobial agents and development of resistant bacteria needs to be delineated. In the present study, we compared the prevalence of multidrug resistant pathogenic and commensal bacteria in 'virgin' nonagricultural soils with dairy farm soils to better understand the role of antibiotic selection pressure on development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.
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机译：抗生素常规用于动物和人类的治疗和预防性目的，有些也被用作生长促进剂以改善动物生产。在大多数乳制品农场上，使用不同组合的抗生素和治疗途径用于预防和控制影响奶牛的疾病。已经报道了从食品动物（Aarestrup等，1998）和环境中分离的细菌之间的高水平抗生素抗性（VAN DIJCK和VAN DE VOORDE，1976）。已经提出了食品动物作为抗性细菌和抗性基因的可能储存器，其可以通过食物链或由于动物废物种植的传播直接通过食物链转移到人类中。来自疾病预防和控制中心的数据表明，抗微生物耐药细菌的出现与增加使用抗微生物剂（NWOSU，2001）相关。内源性细菌菌群可以作为可传染性耐药性基因的受体和/或供体起到重要的。大肠杆菌通常在人类和动物的肠道中发现，并且也涉及人和动物传染病。实际上，迄今为止环境抗性细菌的所有研究都集中于通过粪便释放的抗生素的粪便源性和选择性压力和对土着土壤细菌中抗生素抗性的抗生素的选择性压力。微生物在生态系统之间很容易移动：从人和动物到土壤和水，反之亦然。因此，在一个生态系统中通过生物体获得的抗性基因可以在其他生态系统中的生物体中容易地转移。此外，还有更大的全球性迁移率，潜在地促进了微生物的传播及其世界各地的基因。毫无疑问，应从生态和全球视角接近抵抗模式。在农场上，使用抗微生物剂与抗性细菌的使用之间的相关性需要划定。在本研究中，我们将多药抗性和非农业土壤中的多药抗性和非特性细菌的患病率进行了比较，乳制品农场土壤中的抗生素选择压力对细菌抗生素抗性的作用。
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