Characterization of Impurities in Tokamak Divertor Plasmas from Analysis of spectral Profiles

摘要

Studies of the production, transport, and radiative losses of impurities in present-day tokamak divertors provide input necessary for the design of future burning- plasma machines. Several types of information rely on detailed analysis of emission profiles. These include ion temperatures, ion flows along field lines, and impurity production mechanisms. Temperatures and flows are determined from Doppler broadening and shifts by comparing measured line shapes to theoretical profiles that include the nonlinear Zeeman/Paschen-Back effect. The two major production mechanisms for atomic carbon are physical and chemical sputtering. These processes can be distinguished by comparing atomic and molecular fluxes, which requires modeling the band emissions of CD and C_2. They can also be differentiated from measurements of effective temperatures of C I (best profile fits to thermal distributions). Careful inspection of profiles that give high effective temperatures reveals that they are not actually Gaussian but have asymmetries and shifts that can be correlated to energy distributions expected for physical sputtering. Examples of all these applications are discussed in this review.