Modern data-intensive applications require the integration of information stored not only in traditional database management systems, but also in file systems, indexed-sequential files, desktop databases, spreadsheets, project management tools, electronic mail, directory services, multimedia data stores, spatial data stores, and more. Microsoft's Universal Data Access (UDA) is an effective alternate approach to the universal database approach. However, it also can be implemented as a complementary approach and used with the universal database approach.
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