obesity

摘要： Through reading Chinese ancient book Huangdi Nejing,and summarizing and analyzing related literature,the basic pathogenesis of obesity have been found to be the stomach preponderance and spleen weakness,and the imbalance of ascending and descending.Banxia Xiexin Decoction not only has the functions of relieving heat to inhibit stomach intake,supplementing deficiency to assist spleen transport,regulate the ascending and descending,but also has the effects of improving insulin resistance and regulating glucolipid metabolism.Therefore,it is suggested that Banxia Xiexin Decoction can be used in the treatment of insulin resistant obesity,which provides ideas and methods for its treatment.

摘要： Leaves of Chrysophyllum albidum and Irvingia gabonensis have been reported to possess saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids and tannins which have several health benefits. This study investigated the anti-obesity effect of methanol extract of leaves of Chrysophyllum albidum and Irvingia gabonensis in high fat diet (HFD) fed rats. Male Wistar rats were fed with HFD for eight weeks to induce obesity. Rats in different groups were thereafter treated with extracts of Chrysophyllum albidum (250 and 500 mg/kg;p.o), Irvingia gabonensis (250 and 500 mg/kg;p.o) or the reference anti-obesity drug (orlistat?;20 mg/kg, p.o) for four weeks. Body weight, body mass index (BMI) and Lee’s index were recorded. Following sacrifice of the rats, weight of adipose tissues (retroperitoneal and epididymal fat), serum lipid profile, kidney function markers, liver and cardiac function enzymes were measured. Histopathological examination of the liver and kidney tissues were carried out. Obese rats treated with Chrysophyllum albidum, Irvingia gabonensis or orlistat showed normal body weights. Weights of adipose tissues, BMI and Lee’s index were comparable with those of normal control [normal fat diet (NFD) fed rats]. Also, serum analysis showed that orlistat and extracts treated rats had restored lipid profile, liver, kidney and cardiac function parameters in contrast with the untreated HFD fed obese group. Furthermore, liver and kidney of orlistat and extracts treated groups showed normal architecture while those of the untreated HFD group showed inflammation and hepatic steatosis. Findings from the study suggest that methanol extracts of Chrysophyllum albidum and Irvingia gabonensis leaves have anti-obesity and anti-hyperlipidaemic properties. Comparatively, extract of Irvingia gabonensis appeared to be a better suppressor of adiposity than extract of Chrysophyllum albidum.

摘要： BACKGROUND Despite overt insulin resistance,adipocytes of genetically obese Zucker rats accumulate the excess of calorie intake in the form of lipids.AIM To investigate whether factors can replace or reinforce insulin lipogenic action by exploring glucose uptake activation by hydrogen peroxide,since it is produced by monoamine oxidase(MAO)and semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase(SSAO)in adipocytes.METHODS 3H-2-deoxyglucose uptake(2-DG)was determined in adipocytes from obese and lean rats in response to insulin or MAO and SSAO substrates such as tyramine and benzylamine.14C-tyramine oxidation and binding of imidazolinic radioligands[3H-Idazoxan,3H-(2-benzofuranyl)-2-imidazoline]were studied in adipocytes,the liver,and muscle.The influence of in vivo administration of tyramine+vanadium on glucose handling was assessed in lean and obese rats.RESULTS 2-DG uptake and lipogenesis stimulation by insulin were dampened in adipocytes from obese rats,when compared to their lean littermates.Tyramine and benzylamine activation of hexose uptake was vanadate-dependent and was also limited,while MAO was increased and SSAO decreased.These changes were adipocyte-specific and accompanied by a greater number of imidazoline I2 binding sites in the obese rat,when compared to the lean.In vitro,tyramine precluded the binding to I2 sites,while in vivo,its administration together with vanadium lowered fasting plasma levels of glucose and triacylglycerols in obese CONCLUSION The adipocytes from obese Zucker rats exhibit increased MAO activity and imidazoline binding site number.However,probably as a consequence of SSAO down-regulation,the glucose transport stimulation by tyramine is decreased as much as that of insulin in these insulin-resistant adipocytes.The adipocyte amine oxidases deserve more studies with respect to their putative contribution to the management of glucose and lipid handling.

摘要： Objective:To determine the association between body weight and COVID-19 outcomes.Methods:This is a retrospective cohort study of COVID-19 patients admitted in a dedicated COVID-19 hospital,a tertiary health care center,between May and June 2021.Demographic data and baseline variables,including age,sex,body mass index(BMI),and comorbidities were collected.Outcomes(death or mechanical ventilation)of the patients with different BMI,age,comorbidities,and qSOFA scores were compared.Besides,the risk factors for death or mechanical ventilation were determined.Results:The mean age of the subjects was(51.8±14.7)years old,and 233(74.2%)were male.There were 103(32.8%)patients with normal weight,143(45.5%)patients were overweight,and 68(21.7%)patients were obese.In-hospital deaths and need of mechanical ventilations were significantly higher in the obese and the overweight group compared to the normal weight group,in age group≥65 years compared to<65 years,in patients with≥1 comorbidities compared to patients without comorbidities,in patients with qSOFA scores≥2 compared to patients with qSOFA scores<2.There was a significantly increased risk of death(RR:4.1,95%CI 1.0-17.4,P=0.04)and significantly increased need of mechanical ventilation(RR:5.2,95%CI 1.8-15.2,P=0.002)in the obese patients compared with those with normal weight after controlling other covariates.Conclusion:Obesity is one of the significant risk factors for adverse outcomes in COVID-19 patients and should be considered during management.

摘要： BACKGROUND Ketone bodies(KB)might act as potential metabolic modulators besides serving as energy substrates.Bariatric metabolic surgery(BMS)offers a unique opportunity to study nutritional ketosis,as acute postoperative caloric restriction leads to increased lipolysis and circulating free fatty acids.AIM To characterize the relationship between KB production,weight loss(WL)and metabolic changes following BMS.METHODS For this retrospective study we enrolled male and female subjects aged 18-65 years who underwent BMS at a single Institution.Data on demographics,anthropometrics,body composition,laboratory values and urinary KB were collected.RESULTS Thirty-nine patients had data available for analyses[74.4%women,mean age 46.5±9.0 years,median body mass index 41.0(38.5;45.4)kg/m^(2),fat mass 45.2%±6.2%,23.1%had diabetes,43.6%arterial hypertension and 74.4%liver steatosis].At 46.0±13.6 d post-surgery,subjects had lost 12.0%±3.6%of pre-operative weight.Sixty-nine percent developed ketonuria.Those with nutritional ketosis were significantly younger[42.9(37.6;50.7)years vs 51.9(48.3;59.9)years,P=0.018],and had significantly lower fasting glucose[89.5(82.5;96.3)mg/dL vs 96.0(91.0;105.3)mg/dL,P=0.025]and triglyceride levels[108.0(84.5;152.5)mg/dL vs 152.0(124.0;186.0)mg/dL,P=0.045]vs those with ketosis.At 6 mo,percent WL was greater in those with postoperative ketosis(-27.5%±5.1%vs 23.8%±4.3%,P=0.035).Urinary KBs correlated with percent WL at 6 and 12 mo.Other metabolic changes were similar.CONCLUSION Our data support the hypothesis that subjects with worse metabolic status have reduced ketogenic capacity and,thereby,exhibit a lower WL following BMS.

摘要： BACKGROUND Microscopic colitis is a leading cause of diarrhea in the older adults.There is limited information about risk factors.We hypothesized that obesity would be associated with microscopic colitis.AIM To examine the association between obesity and microscopic colitis in men and women undergoing colonoscopy.METHODS We conducted a case-control study at the University of North Carolina Hospitals.We identified and enrolled men and women referred for elective,outpatient colonoscopy for chronic diarrhea.We excluded patients with a past diagnosis of Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis.A research pathologist reviewed biopsies on every patient and classified them as microscopic colitis cases or non-microscopic colitis controls.Patients provided information on body weight,height and exposure to medications via structured interviews or Internet based forms.The analysis included 110 patients with microscopic colitis(cases)and 252 nonmicroscopic colitis controls.Multivariable analyses were performed using logistic regression to estimate odds ratios and 95%confidence intervals.RESULTS Cases were older and more likely than controls to be white race.Study subjects were well educated,but cases were better educated than controls.Cases with microscopic colitis had lower body mass index than controls and reported more weight loss after the onset of diarrhea.Compared to patients who were normal or under-weight,obese(BMI>30 kg/m2)patients were substantially less likely to have microscopic colitis after adjusting for age and education,adjusted OR(aOR)0.35,95%confidence interval(CI)0.18-0.66).When stratified by sex,the association was limited to obese women,aOR 0.21,95%CI:0.10-0.45.Patients with microscopic colitis were more likely to report weight loss after the onset of diarrhea.After stratifying by weight loss,there remained a strong inverse association between obesity and microscopic colitis,aOR 0.33,95%CI:0.10-1.11 among the patients who did not lose weight.Ever use of birth control pills was associated with lower risk of microscopic colitis after adjusting for age,education and BMI,aOR 0.38,95%CI:0.17-0.84.CONCLUSION Compared to controls also seen for diarrhea,microscopic colitis cases were less likely to be obese.Mechanisms are unknown but could involve hormonal effects of obesity or the gut microbiome.

摘要： Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is a progressive disease and one of the leading causes of death.An unnamed disease has become a global epidemic disease of public health concern.This spectrum of diseases manifests itself with initial accumulation of excessive triglycerides(due to de novo lipogenesis)in the hepatocytes,leading to simple steatosis.Although its aetiology is multi-factorial,lifestyle changes(diet and physical activity)are considered to be the key thriving factors.In this context,high fructose consumption is associated with an increased risk for developing NAFLD in humans,while high-fructose feeding to experimental animals results in hepatic steatosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis,by increasing hepatic lipogenesis.Among several lipogenic genes,the endoplasmic reticulum-bound stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1(SCD1)is the key determinant of triglycerides biosynthesis pathway,by providing monounsaturated fatty acids,through the incorporation of a double bond at the delta-9 position of saturated fatty acids,specifically,palmitic(C16:0)and stearic(C18:0)acids,yielding palmitoleic(C16:1)and oleic(C18:1)acids,respectively.Various experimental studies involving SCD1 gene knockout and diet-induced rodent models have demonstrated that SCD1 plays a key role in the development of NAFLD,by modulating hepatic lipogenesis and thus triglyceride accumulation in the liver.Several pharmacological and dietary intervention studies have shown the benefits of inhibiting hepatic SCD1 in the pathogenesis of NAFLD.In this review,we give an overview of SCD1 in NAFLD,based on the current experimental evidence and the translational applicability of SCD1 inhibition in human NAFLD conditions,besides discussing the limitations and way-forward.

摘要： Acarbose is an agent that has been used to treat type 2 diabetes for about 30 years;it prevents postprandial hyperglycemia by inhibiting carbohydrate digestion in the small intestine.Since incretin-based treatments have been preferred over the last 10 to 15 years,the use of acarbose is not as common in treating type 2 diabetes as before.Some studies have shown that acarbose also produces a weight-loss effect by increasing glucagon-like peptide 1(GLP-1).The positive effect of acarbose on GLP-1,and increasing evidence that it provides cardiovascular protection,suggests that acarbose may again be considered among the first-choice antidiabetic agents,as it was in the 1990s.

摘要： Objectives: Our main objective is to establish an association between obesity and social networks among the adult population as well as understanding the underlying mechanisms. We aim to provide suggestions for the development of future interventions to treat obesity. Methods: We carried out a literature search from 4 databases: PubMed, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science. We conducted a systematic search targeting on 3 main concept terms—“social network”, “obesity” and “adult”. A final pool of 11 articles best fitted for our topic was included. Results: We have established a clear association between obesity and social networks. Single women with the co-living arrangement have a higher waist circumference (WC), consistent with a higher predisposition to obesity seen among single individuals but lone living divorced men had lower WC compared to those with partners. Women with high incomes are less likely to be obese in comparison to highly social men with low income. The degree of the effect on social networks and obesity was inconclusive due to differences in the study population. Generally, women with low social participation tend to be obese. However, non-partnered women consistently showed a higher WC in comparison to their partnered counterparts regardless of participation rates except for divorced women. Living in a neighborhood with access to active transportation, high socioeconomic status, increased levels of social trust and social support reduces the prevalence of obesity. Mechanisms of cultural ideals, nature of employment, stress, gender, self-selection, network influence, social contagion and shared built environment may have contributed to the variation in results obtained. Conclusion: Association between social network and obesity exists. However, its overall effect on body weight is affected by a variety of factors. Sociodemographic factors and network characteristics of the population may influence the impacts on body weight. Therefore, a good understanding of the mechanisms associated will assist the development of effective network-based interventions.

摘要： Background: Due to successful treatment modalities, the majority of pediatric cancer patients will survive. Increased body mass index (BMI) is a complication among pediatric cancer survivors. Methods: This retrospective single-center study examined BMI changes among a cohort of predominantly Hispanic patients who were treated in South Los Angeles. Data were collected at diagnosis, 1, 2 and 3 years after. Analyses included z-scores derived from calculated BMIs compared over 3 years per gender, diagnosis, and treatment modality. The unhealthy BMI z-score was defined as >1.04. Results: Thirty-four percent of the predominantly Hispanic sample had unhealthy BMI z-scores of >1.04 correlating to at or greater than the 85th percentile for age and gender. The study cohort’s BMI z-scores significantly increased from 0.15 to 1.29 at year 3 (P < 0.0001), putting 55% of this population in the unhealthy category. Median BMI z-score significantly increased to the unhealthy category at 3 years. Conclusions: Due to the predominance of Hispanic patients in this group, culturally sensitive interventions beginning at diagnosis should be considered.