rice

摘要： Soil salinity greatly impairs plant growth and crop productivity.Rice(Oryza sativa L.)is a salt-sensitive crop.To better understand the molecular mechanisms of salt tolerance in roots,the BGISEQ-500 sequencing platform was employed to elucidate transcriptome changes in rice roots after 0,3,24,and 72 h of salt stress.The results showed that root K+content decreased and Na+content increased rapidly after the initial stage of salt stress,but that fresh and dry weight in root did not significantly reduce.Compared to the control(no salt stress),1,292,453,and 486 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were upregulated,respectively,and 939,894,and 646 DEGs were downregulated,respectively,after 3,24,and 72 h of salt treatment.The number of DEGs was higher during the early stage of salt stress(3 h)than in later stages(24 and 72 h).A number of DEGs involved in the response and adaptation to salt stress were related to protein kinase and calcium-binding,plant hormone signaling and metabolism,transcriptional regulation,metabolic pathways,antioxidant activity,and ion transport.Many of these DEGs were activated during the early stage of salt stress(3 h).The present study reports candidate salt-stressresponsive genes with the potential to genetically improve salt tolerance in rice elsewhere.

摘要： In the present study,the effects of cooked rice(CR)with added fructo-oligosaccharide(FOS)on faecal flora were studied by a simulated in vitro digestion and fermentation method.The total carbohydrate content,p H,and s hort-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)were determined during in vitro digestion and fermentation.The change in the bacterial phase distribution after the fermentation was also analysed.The results showed that t he total carbohydrate content of the CR with added FOS(FCR)significantly decreased during the simulated digestion.Meanwhile,the p H of the FCR decreased and the SCFAs concentration increased significantly compared to those of the CR during the simulated fermentation.In addition,the FCR showed the advantage of promoting beneficial bacteria,such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus,and inhibiting harmful bacteria,such as Bacteroides and Klebsiella compared to the CR.Therefore,the FOS as a prebiotic could be recommended to produce the high-quality healthy rice food.

摘要： Irrigation with desalinated seawater is an effective way to use ocean resources and save freshwater resources.However,seawater irrigation would cause yield loss of rice.In order to explore the effects of ultrasonic seed treatment on rice performances under seawater irrigation,the present study was conducted with three irrigation treatments(fresh water(SW0),ten times diluted seawater(SW1%,0.34%salinity),and five times diluted seawater(SW2%,0.68%salinity))and two seed treatments(ultrasonic treated seeds(UT)and untreated seeds(CK)).Compared with SW0+CK treatment,SW1+CK and SW2+CK treatments significantly decreased grain yield by 56.19%and 66.69%,spikelets per panicle by 30.11%and 55.80%,seed-setting rate by 23.05%and 18.87%,and 1000-grain weight by 4.55%and 14.50%,respectively.Seawater irrigation also significantly increased malonaldehyde(MDA)and proline contents and the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD)and peroxidase(POD).Ultrasonic seed treatment significantly increased the grain number per panicle,seed-setting rate,and grain yield of rice under seawater irrigation.Compared with CK,UT treatment substantially reduced MDA content,SOD activity,and POD activity in SW1 and SW2 conditions.Furthermore,UT treatment significantly increased proline content and down-regulated proline dehydrogenase activity under seawater irrigation.We deduced that ultrasonic seed treatment enhanced the salinity tolerance of rice by inducing the proline accmulation.Our findings indicated that ultrasonic seed treatment could an effective strategy to promote rice productivity under seawater irrigation.

摘要： Weeds cause significant production losses estimated at 25%in tropical countries and constitute main factor limiting rice production in Madagascar.This research,which was conducted at Anosibe-Ifanja(Antananarivo,Madagascar),aims to propose the most cost-effective weed management strategies for both irrigated and rainfed rice system to improve rice production.To make the management of these potential rice weeds effective,two cultural practices were tested as good agricultural and farmers’practices on two rice systems.A phytoecological study and a floristic inventory were carried out on test plots,followed by an economic profitability analysis of management strategies.In rainfed rice,a greater number of species were inventoried(42 species in 14 families)than in irrigated rice(37 species in 9 families).The most important families found in both systems were Poaceae and Cyperaceae.But in rainfed rice,two other families are also dominant:Fabaceae and Asteraceae.The study on weed management strategy showed that adoption of in-season and out-of-season tillage combined with regular weeding is effective for weed control in irrigated rice.As far as rainfed rice is concerned,improved farming practice by integrating in-season tillage with aerial ploughing combined with the use of pre-emergence herbicide pendimethalin is more cost-effective.This research has resulted in an in-depth knowledge of rice weeds and weed control strategies that are only feasible with mechanization or animal traction.

摘要： The use of nitrogen(N)-efficient rice(Oryza sativa L.) varieties could reduce excessive N input without sacrificing yields. However, the plant traits associated with N-efficient rice varieties have not been fully defined or comprehensively explored. Here, three japonica N-efficient varieties(NEVs) and three japonica N-inefficient varieties(NIVs) of rice were grown in a paddy field under N omission(0 N, 0 kg N ha^(-1)) and normal N(NN, 180 or 200 kg N ha^(-1)) treatments. Results showed that NEVs exhibited higher grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE) than NIVs under both treatments, due to improved sink size and filled-grains percentage in the former which had higher root oxidation activity and greater root dry weight, root length and root diameter at panicle initiation(PI), as well as higher spikelet-leaf ratio and more productive tillers during the grain-filling stage. Compared with NIVs, NEVs also exhibited enhanced N translocation and dry matter accumulation after heading and improved flag leaf morpho-physiological traits, including greater leaf thickness and specific leaf weight and higher contents of ribulose^(-1),5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, chlorophyll, nitrogen, and soluble sugars, leading to better photosynthetic performance. Additionally, NEVs had a better canopy structure, as reflected by a higher ratio of the extinction coefficient for effective leaf N to the light extinction coefficient, leading to enhanced canopy photosynthesis and dry matter accumulation. These improved agronomic and physiological traits were positively and significantly correlated with grain yield and internal NUE, which could be used to select and breed N-efficient rice varieties.

摘要： Pectin contributes greatly to cell wall phosphorus(P)remobilization.However,it is currently unclear whether the methylesterification degree of the pectin,which is related to the activity of pectin methylesterases(PMEs),is also involved in this process.Here,we demonstrated that elevated PME activity can facilitate the remobilization of P deposited in the cell wall.P-deficient conditions resulted in the reduction of root cell wall P content.This reduction was more pronounced in Nipponbare than in Kasalath,in company with a significant increment of the PME activity,indicating a possible relationship between elevated PME activity and cell wall P remobilization.This hypothesis was supported by in vitro experiments,as pectin with lower methylesterification degree had higher ability to release inorganic P(Pi)from insoluble FePO_(4).Furthermore,among the 35 OsPME members in rice,only the expression of OsPME14 showed a relationship with PME activity.In addition,transgenic rice lines overexpressing OsPME14 had increased PME activity,released more P from the root cell wall,and more resistant to P deficiency.In conclusion,PMEs enhance P remobilization in P-starved rice by increasing PME activity in Nipponbare,which in turn helps to remobilize P from the cell wall,and thus makes more available P.

摘要： This study aimed to prepare and evaluate some gluten-free and casein-free (GFCF) food products for autism children from rice and chickpea split. Like-milk beverages and snacks (bakery) were prepared by replacing rice with chickpea at a ratio of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%, and in a ratio of 25% and 50% with fried snacks. Chemical composition, antioxidant activity, the energy content of ingredients and final products, as well as the viscosity, texture profile analysis, and sensory evaluation of final products, were determined. The results showed that chickpea contains higher values of protein, fat, fiber, and ash compared with rice. Also, the antioxidant activity (total phenolic (TP), DPPH scavenging activity, and FRAP value) of chickpea was higher than rice. The addition of chickpea to rice caused a significant increase in protein (%), fat (%), minerals (Ca, Fe, K, Zn, and Mg) (%), and antioxidant activity of all products, and these values were increased with the increased of chickpea amount added, while the viscosity of rice-chickpea milk samples and the hardness of snacks (fried and bakery) were significantly decreased with the increase of chickpea amount added. According to the recommended daily allowances (RDA), it was found that 100 mL of chickpea milk (100%) could provide autism children with 99.5%, 32%, and 36% of the daily required iron, Ca, and Zn, respectively. Also, the daily intake of 100 g of snacks (sample BS5) could provide autism children with 75%, 7%, 42%, 125%, 1.7%, and 52% of the daily required of protein, fiber, Ca, iron, Mg, and Zn, respectively. On the other hand, 100 g fried snacks (sample FS3) could provide autism children with 59.9%, 42%, and 64% of the daily required protein, calcium, and iron, respectively. The best sensory evaluation scores were obtained with rice milk (100%), bakery snacks sample BS4 (25% rice: 75% chickpea), and fried snacks sample FS2 (75% rice: 25% chickpea).

摘要： Bacterial blight(BB), which is caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae(Xoo), is an important rice disease responsible for significant yield losses. In the rice-growing regions of South China where BB outbreaks are common, the resistance of cultivars with BB resistance genes Xa4 and Xa21 has been lost because of rapid changes in the Xoo population structure and virulence. In this study, 421 diverse rice accessions were evaluated regarding their resistance to two Xoo strains, namely GD1358(C5) and IV, which are prevalent pathotypes in South China and overcame the resistance of Xa4 and Xa21, respectively. Using the 4.8 mio filtered SNP dataset, we conducted a genome-wide association study, which identified 13 loci associated with BB resistance, including eight new quantitative trait loci(QTL) and five QTL harboring known BB resistance genes: Xa3/Xa26, xa5, Xa35(t), Xa36(t), Xa40, Xa43(t), and xa44(t). Intriguingly, a steep peak was detected on chromosomes 5 and 11. Six QTL including three new ones, were distributed on chromosome 11, whereas a new QTL q BB5.1 and a known QTL were detected on chromosome 5. Haplotype analyses indicated that the LOC;s05 g01610(Os PRAF2) gene within the q BB5.1 region, which encodes a PRAF protein, is associated with BB resistance. Furthermore, Os PRAF2 knockout lines generated using the CRISPR-Cpf1 system were significantly more resistant to Xoo strains than the wild-type plants. Our results provide researchers and breeders with useful information regarding QTL and gene resources,which may be relevant for developing new BB-resistant rice cultivars.

摘要： Heterosis contributes greatly to crop production, but the genetic basis of heterosis is not fully understood.To identify heterotic loci(HLs) for grain yield, 12 yield traits were evaluated in four rice(Oryza sativa L.)mapping populations: one parental population of chromosome segment substitution lines derived from a cross between the japonica cultivar Nipponbare and indica cultivar 9311 and three connected test populations in either a homozygous 9311 genetic background or a heterozygous background. A total of 390 HLs were detected for the measured traits in two environments. The genetic bases of heterosis differed between the backcross and testcross populations. At least 10 HLs were confirmed in F1 hybrids between9311 and near-isogenic lines, each of which carried a heterotic locus of interest in the same 9311 background. All 10 showed overdominant or dominant effects on grain yield and yield components. Among them, three were verified as being associated with yield heterosis and colocalized in the same regions as those containing previously reported heterosis-associated genes. Five HLs were identified to be promising candidate loci that could be used to achieve more than 15% yield heterosis in several commercial rice hybrids. These findings suggest the potential of indica or japonica introgression for increasing yield in hybrid rice breeding programs.

摘要： Drought and salinity are major environmental stresses that impair crop growth and productivity worldwide. Improving drought and salt tolerance of crops with microbial mutualists is an effective and environmentally sound strategy to meet the demands of the ever-growing world population. In the present study, we found that the Streptomyces albidoflavus Osi Lf-2, a moderately salt-tolerant endophytic actinomycete, produced abundant osmolytes, including proline, polysaccharides, and ectoine. Inoculation with Osi Lf-2 increased the osmotic-adjustment ability of the rice host by increasing the proline content(by250.3% and 49.4%) and soluble sugar(by 20.9% and 49.4%) in rice under drought and salt conditions, relative to the uninoculated control. Osi Lf-2 increased stress responses in the rice host at the physiological and biochemical levels(photosynthesis efficiency, osmolytes and antioxidant content), and the gene level(osmolytes synthesis, stress-responsive and ion-transport related genes), raising rice yields under both greenhouse and saline–alkaline soil conditions. The use of endophytic actinomycetes offers a promising biotechnological approach to developing stress-tolerant plants.

摘要： 本发明描述用于初始化用于定义用于系数层级译码的码的莱斯参数的技术。根据所述技术，基于针对视频数据的先前经译码系数所收集的系数层级的统计，确定用于所述视频数据的变换块中的系数群组CG的所述莱斯参数的初始值。所述统计可为先前经译码系数的系数层级的绝对值或系数层级的剩余绝对值的统计。可在视频切片的开始处将所述统计的值初始化为零，并基于所述切片的每一CG中所译码的系数层级进行更新。可按每一CG更新一次所述统计。在一些状况下，可针对基于包含所述CG的变换块的特性而定义的多个不同类别的CG中的每一者，分别收集统计。

摘要： 本发明公开了一种适用于Rice无损数据压缩的快速编码选项选择方法，先对原始数据进行预处理转换为适合进行压缩的数据块，然后将预处理后数据经过自适应熵编码器选择合适的编码选项进行数据压缩，此编码选项选择方法通过计算数据块的算术和，根据算术和来进行编码选项选择。当选择分裂样本值编码选项时，将数据块的平均值取2为底的对数，并将对数结果进行四舍五入取整，用得到的整数作为分裂样本值编码的参数。本发明具有较低的计算复杂度，不受源数据的影响，并且实现简单，能达到较好的压缩效果。

摘要： 本发明提出一种后向块自适应Golomb-Rice编解码方法，该方法利用自适应更新规则实现后向自适应Golomb-Rice编码；利用滑动窗口方法更新自适应参数；对Golomb-Rice参数m值采用分块更新，根据数据特性，自由选择分块大小，提高Golomb-Rice参数m值更新速度；对特征数据进行自适应m值的修正，实现无损音频编解码。本发明的编解码方法，具有运算复杂度低，存储空间占用小，可以实现对整数的压缩，特别对具有几何分布特性的数据实现高压缩率和高编解码速度，本发明方法很容易被应用到数字音频/视频领域，适用于在现代处理器上进行实现，大大降低了用户的处理器成本。

摘要： 提出一种对量化频率表示的数据编码的设备与方法(600)，所述数据包括零和表示非零的数据。对表示零的数据，确定零连续长度。把Golomb参数定为该零连续长度的函数，商编码为零连续长度和Golomb参数的函数，余数编码为零连续长度、Golomb参数和商的函数。编码的商与余数串接。对表示非零的数据，把非零数据编码为该非零数据值及其符号的函数。

摘要： 本发明属于稻田生态信息检测技术领域，公开了一种稻渔综合种养系统的RICE效应测定方法，包括：选择稻田进行改造，挖出环沟，建设机耕道和田埂，做好防逃、进排水处理；选取抗倒伏抗病强的水稻品种，对单一种植稻田使用复合肥打底，并消毒；在稻田环沟中设置围栏，插植好水草；将中华绒螯蟹蟹苗放养至围栏中，进行日常管理；栽培水稻，进行合理密植和水位管理；待秧苗返青后拆除围栏，中华绒螯蟹蟹与水稻共生期间依旧进行日常管理；对稻渔综合种养模式进行“RICE”效应评价，包括R‑减量缓施、I‑增效提质、C‑共生互补、E‑生态循环。本发明可以直观的反映稻渔综合种养模式的高效、绿色、生态、循环利用的可持续发展优势。

摘要： 本发明描述用于初始化用于定义用于系数层级译码的码的莱斯参数的技术。根据所述技术，基于针对视频数据的先前经译码系数所收集的系数层级的统计，确定用于所述视频数据的变换块中的系数群组CG的所述莱斯参数的初始值。所述统计可为先前经译码系数的系数层级的绝对值或系数层级的剩余绝对值的统计。可在视频切片的开始处将所述统计的值初始化为零，并基于所述切片的每一CG中所译码的系数层级进行更新。可按每一CG更新一次所述统计。在一些状况下，可针对基于包含所述CG的变换块的特性而定义的多个不同类别的CG中的每一者，分别收集统计。

摘要： 描述了一种将高吞吐量编码模式用于HEVC中的CABAC的系统。所述系统可以包括电子设备，该电子设备被配置为：获得数据块以使用基于算术的编码器进行编码；使用所获得的块产生语法元素的序列；将所述序列的绝对值-3值或与绝对值-3值相关联的参数与预设值进行比较；以及根据比较结果，使用第一码或不同于第一码的第二编码，将绝对值-3值转换为码字。

摘要： 本发明公开了一种用于Rice无损数据压缩的快速编码选项选择方法，先对原始数据进行预处理转换为适合进行压缩的数据块，然后将预处理后数据经过自适应熵编码器选择合适的编码选项进行数据压缩，此编码选项选择方法通过计算数据块的算术和，根据算术和来进行编码选项选择。当选择分裂样本值编码选项时，将数据块的平均值取2为底的对数，并将对数结果进行四舍五入取整，用得到的整数作为分裂样本值编码的参数。本发明具有较低的计算复杂度，不受源数据的影响，并且实现简单，能达到较好的压缩效果。

摘要： 本发明提出一种后向块自适应Golomb-Rice编解码方法，该方法利用自适应更新规则实现后向自适应Golomb-Rice编码；利用滑动窗口方法更新自适应参数；对Golomb-Rice参数m值采用分块更新，根据数据特性，自由选择分块大小，提高Golomb-Rice参数m值更新速度；对特征数据进行自适应m值的修正，实现无损音频编解码。本发明的编解码方法，具有运算复杂度低，存储空间占用小，可以实现对整数的压缩，特别对具有几何分布特性的数据实现高压缩率和高编解码速度，本发明方法很容易被应用到数字音频/视频领域，适用于在现代处理器上进行实现，大大降低了用户的处理器成本。

摘要： 实施例涉及在视频编解码中使用rice代码的系统和方法。在一个实施例中，包括例如在视频编码器或解码器上对视频数据进行编码或解码的方法。该方法包括确定视频数据的变换单元中与当前位置相邻的可用残差系数，以及确定可用残差系数的和。该方法还包括基于可用残差系数的数量修改和，以及基于修改的和确定rice参数。该方法还包括基于确定的rice参数对视频数据的语法元素进行编码或解码。