production

摘要： The goals of this study were to determine the weekly milk production of Saanen goats at UniSZA Pasir Akar Farm,and to evaluate milk production and composition in three age groups.From January 2021 to May 2021,a study was conducted at the UniSZA Pasir Akar Farm in Besut,Terengganu.Ninety goat milk samples were collected and stored in sterile falcon tubes.Milk samples were stored in an insulated box at 5°C before being transported to the laboratory and stored at-20°C until further analysis.Milk samples were analyzed in four replicates for each sample group using the Milkotester.The one-way analysis of variance(ANOVA)method was used to analyze raw data among age groups,with p<0.05 indicating a significant difference.The highest milk yield was produced by four-year-old goats(943.9 g/d),followed by three-year-old goats(850.5 g/d)and two-year-old goats(571.1 g/d),respectively.Solid non-fat(SNF),protein,and lactose content showed the highest in percentage in the 3-year old group,at 7.80%,2.80%,and 4.27%,respectively.However,the fat content revealed an unusual pattern,with 2.87%,2.77%,and 3.33%representing 2,3 and 4 years old.This occurred due to other factors such as feed,breed,and age.In conclusion,this study found a significant difference in milk yield and composition across three age groups.However,this is only a preliminary result based on a small number of animals and a short study period.Future studies will perhaps,use larger sample sizes and parameters to validate the current result.

摘要： Food systems have the potential to promote human health and enhance environmental sustainability;yet most African countries have decadal starvation and malnourishment due to unstable food systems lacking basic nutritional profiles. To understand the key questions of the African food production and food security crisis, it is important to evaluate the past and the present balance of food production and consumption quantitatively and comprehensively and identify resource constraints. This continental study analyzed water-land-food (WLF) nexus in recent decades (1997-2017) and accessed whether these resources cope with different population growth projections, dietary changes and agricultural water management. The findings revealed that in 2017, total production in Africa for the four major crops was 83.3, 34.1, 21.0 and 26.7 million tons for, respectively, maize, rice, sorghum and wheat. Together with the imported food, 38 countries experienced an increase in kcal by food supply, while 7 countries encountered a decrease. However, only 6 countries were above the 1500 kcal∙capita−1∙day−1—the global average food consumption from the four major crops. The study also found that in the context of food production and out of the total African population, 268 million (21.6%) have enough land and water, 310 million (25.0%) is without enough land and water, further 279 million (22.5%) have enough water but not enough land, and 381 million (30.8%) encounter enough land but not enough water. This is the first WLF nexus study for the African continent and emphasizes the need for efficient and rapid changes in the food systems of the African population, both in production and consumption, in order to provide sustainable and secure food systems, and ultimately approach the first three Sustainable Development Goals.

摘要： Deficit irrigation is critical to global food production,particularly in arid and semi-arid regions with low precipitation.Given water shortage has threatened agricultural sustainability under the dry-land farming system in China,there is an urgent need to develop effective water-saving technologies.We carried out a field study under two cultivation techniques:(1) the ridge and furrow cultivation model(R);and(2) the conventional flat farming model(F),and three simulated precipitation levels(1,275 mm;2,200 mm;3,125 mm) with two deficit irrigation levels(150 and 75 mm).We demonstrated that under the ridge furrow(R) model,rainfall harvesting planting under 150 mm deficit irrigation combined with 200 mm simulated precipitation can considerably increase net photosynthesis rate(P_(n)),quantum yield of PSII(ΦPSⅡ),electron transport rate(ETR),performance index of photosynthetic PSII(F_(v)/F_(m)′),and transformation energy potential of PSII(F_(v)/F_(o)).In addition,during the jointing,anthesis and grain-filling stages,the grain and biomass yield in the R model are 18.9 and 11.1% higher than those in the flat cultivation model,respectively,primarily due to improved soil water contents.The winter wheat fluorescence parameters were significantly positively associated with the photosynthesis,biomass and wheat production.The result suggests that the R cultivation model with irrigation of 150 mm and simulated precipitation of 200 mm is an effective planting method for enhancing P_(n),biomass,wheat production,and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in dry-land farming areas.

摘要： A cross-sectional study was carried out to assess handling and hygienic production practices of goat milk in Degahbur district of Jarar zone, Somali Regional State, Ethiopia. A total of 120 households were purposively selected for this study using a stratified sampling technique. The data were collected through the questionnaire, field observations, key informants interview and focus group discussions. The study showed that majority of the sampled households were illiterate. The goats were kept in an open kraal made of thorny acacia trees on an earthen floor that had no roof. The goats were milked inside these open kraals, and were sometimes contaminated with muck and animal dung mainly the rainy season which could raise the possibility of milk contamination & spoilage. Moreover, traditional hand milking was the only milking method and majority of the respondents didn’t wash their hands and the udder of the animal before milking, indicating low community awareness and knowledge of sanitary milk production procedures. Plastic equipment which is difficult to clean and can increase milk contamination and spoilage was used. About 43.3% of the pastoralists and 76.67% of the agro-pastoralists were cleaning milk vessels regularly. The most often used plant species for smoking milk handling equipment in the study area to extend shelf life and add flavor & aroma were Acacia ethaica, Blanites galabra, and Solanum Carense. The main constraints to hygienic goat milk in the area were identified to be poor barn hygiene, poor production procedures, disease, source of washing water and lack of extension services. In general, it can be concluded that handling and hygienic production practices of goat milk used in the study area were unsanitary, which may have been primarily caused by the community’s lack of awareness & understanding as well as a lack of supporting infrastructures. Therefore, the concerned bodies should place a high priority on the improvement of hygienic practices by carrying out various relevant development interventions, such as raising milk producers’ awareness, improving the health of goats, and providing the necessities for milk handling.

摘要： Objective: The objective of the present study is to optimize cellulase production in five strains: (Pantoea dispersa MLTBY6 (MT646430.1);Pseudomonas aeruginosa MLTBM2 (MT646431.1);Pseudomonas monteilii MLTBC10 (MT674682.1);Bacillus subtilis MLTBC5 (MT674681.1) and Lysinibacillus fusiformis MLTBB7 selected cellulase producers isolated from soils in Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo. Materials and Methods: The cellulolytic activity of the selected cellulase-producing strains was determined by transferring the strains to a petri dish containing CMC culture medium with the following composition: cellulose 1%, K2HPO4 0.2%, MgSO4 0.03%, peptone 1%, (NH4)2SO4 0.2% adjusted to a pH value of 7, previously poured and then frozen. The dishes were incubated in an oven at 37°C for 48 hours. The petri dishes were then flooded with 1% lugol for 15 minutes. A positive reading is indicated by the formation of a hydrolysis zone, the diameters of the hydrolysis zone were measured with a ruler. Strains with a broad lysis spectrum were selected. Optimisation of cellulase production by five bacterial strains isolated from the soil was done using the following factors: temperature and pH. Results: The production of cellulase showed that these strains showed a high production of cellulase at pH values between 5.6 and 9 with an optimum of pH = 8 and temperature values between 35°C and 40°C with an optimum at temperature t = 40°C. Of the carbon sources used, two sources, namely glucose and galactose, showed a high production of cellulase compared to the other carbon sources. However, the two nitrogen sources, ammonium sulphate and urea, were favourable for cellulase production by all five strains. Fe2+, CO2+, Zn2+ ions are favourable for cellulase production by these strains, with a referendum for Fe2+. Conclusion: From these results, we conclude that the sources of carbon (glucose and galactose), nitrogen (ammonium sulphate and urea) and ions (Fe2+, CO2+, Zn2+) added to these five strains were the elements favouring the good production of cellulase.

摘要： We implemented the process of producing a new Rib in three different ways, and we selected the process that was the most affordable and required the least labor, and we did it. This paper also considers the influence of the cost of the form from MDF, Alumina and Steel on the quality of the product.

摘要： Fundamentally, technology is the key to achieving a competitive advantage. Novel and advanced technologies and manufacturing systems have turned the attention of labour-intensive firms towards technological attractiveness. In the textile industry, advancements in technology and products are massive. The study sought to assess the extent to which managers of Small and Medium Textile Enterprises (STMEs) are taking advantage of the technology available in textile designing, production and marketing space, as there is a growing interest worldwide to boost the innovative activity of enterprises, especially technological innovation. The study is quantitative research. A multi-stage sampling procedure involving convenient, purposive and stratified sampling techniques was employed in this study. A sample size of 300 was drawn from the 80 SMTEs. The study discovered that most of the textile enterprises in Ghana mostly use computer-generated designs, manual screen printing and digital embroidery technologies in their production. The study also established that SMTEs continually resort to traditional advertising techniques rather than contemporary marketing and advertising mediums for marketing their products. In view of this, SMTEs should seek more knowledge regarding innovative contemporary marketing strategies to increase patronage.

摘要： According to statistics,the total production of pulp,paper&board,paper products was 280.21 million tons in 2021,increased by 9.89% compared with the previous year.In which,the production of paper&board was 121.05 milliontons,increased by 7.50% compared with the previous year;the production of pulp was 81.77 million tons,increased by 10.83% compared with the previous year;he production of paper products was 77.39 million tons,increased by 12.81% compared with the previous year.

摘要： [Objectives]To study the effect of mechanical harvesting of main crop on soil rolling and yield of ratooned rice.[Methods]In this study,the harvesting method was optimized and improved through field research and theoretical research.[Results]Compared with farmers'habits,the mechanical harvesting method could significantly increase the working area per unit time and reduce the rolling area in the field,but it would increase the rolling rate of the land or transfer area.At the same time,the optimization method could reduce the soil bulk density in the primary rolling area,but it had no significant impact on soil compactness.[Conclusions]Compared with the farmer's customary method,the optimization method could reduce the crushing and damage of rice piles in the field,increase the seedling rate and panicle extraction rate,thus increasing the yield of rice in the ratooning season.

摘要： The study examined profitability of tomato production in Yamaltu-De­ba Local Government Area of Gombe State.A three-stage sampling technique was used to select 96 tomato producers.Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and were analysed using descriptive statistics,farm budget model,and t-test analysis.The results revealed that,the mean age of tomato producers was 38.94 years,92.48%were males,71.56%were married with the majority(95.44%)had family size ranging from 1-6 persons,and had 6.55 mean years of farming experience,having an average of 0.6 ha farm size holding.Furthermore,the result revealed that only 8.74%that have attained tertiary education.The results also revealed average variable costs constituted 88.98%and 88.84%of the average total costs of production in the dry and rainy seasons respectively.The per hectare average net income realised were found to be₦154,444.20($398.05)and₦39,725.14($102.38)in the dry and rainy seasons respectively.Hence,the returns per naira invested was₦0.67($0.00173)in dry season and₦0.18($0.00046)in rainy season(P<0.05).Moreover,the results revealed positive and desirable gross and operating ratios of<1;implying the tomato farms in the study area maintained profitability levels both in the short and long run.However,inadequate capital was critical;which was attributed to lack of affordable sources of credits.Lack of storage and processing facilities were among the impediments to large scale tomato production in the study area.However,improvement in the existing patterns and as well as the provision of adequate essential factors of production will help expand the present scale of operations.Therefore,governments and other financial institutions should do more to provide soft loans to the farmers to improve efficiency.