Review on Coastal and Marine protected areas as ecosystem based management tool: Goodwill for marine life

摘要

Coastal and Marine Protected Areas (CMPAs) means ‘any defined area within or adjacent to the marine environment, together with its overlying waters and associated flora, fauna and historical and cultural features, which has been reserved by legislation or other effective means, including custom, with the effect that its marine and/or coastal biodiversity enjoys a higher level of protection than its surroundings’ (CBD, 2004). The CMPAs are entitled to protect marine ecosystems, processes, habitats and species, which can contribute to the restoration and replenishment of resources. CMPAs can improve the health of oceans by protecting and restoring marine habitats, increasing resilience to environmental changes and protecting species and rebuilding fish stocks as Ecosystem Based Management (EBM) tool (Halpern et al., 2010 and Day et al., 2012). The well-designed networks; sustainably financed; enforcement and compliance of laws; local community engagement and integrated management plan are some of the key principles of CMPAs to work (WWF, 2014). The global target of 10% conservation of coastal and marine areas by 2020 has been agreed by CBD and SDG (OECD, 2017).