[[abstract]]古濁上字聲母和聲調的演變，漢語方言各有特色，全濁上字跟濁去字合流的情況非常普遍，南方方言或多或少亦遭波及（Chang 1974、何大安1988）。橋本萬太郎三十年前在The Hakka Dialect一書中突出次濁上聲字聲調兩分為客家話的區別特徵： What we found common to all the known varieties of Hakka but to no other known dialects or dialect groups is the merger of the ts’ŭ-chuo shang-shêng with the yin-p’ing. Thus throughout the Hakka dialects the words for ‘horse’, ‘to buy’ , etc. share the same tone with the words for ‘song’, ‘chicken’, etc.; but the words for ‘rice’, ‘old’, etc. do not, as shown in Table 40…(p. 440)
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机译：[[abstract]]古浊上字声母和声调的演变，汉语方言各有特色，全浊上字跟浊去字合流的情况非常普遍，南方方言或多或少亦遭波及（Chang 1974、何大安1988）。桥本万太郎三十年前在The Hakka Dialect一书中突出次浊上声字声调兩分为客家话的区别特征： What we found common to all the known varieties of Hakka but to no other known dialects or dialect groups is the merger of the ts'ŭ-chuo shang-shêng with the yin-p'ing. Thus throughout the Hakka dialects the words for 'horse', 'to buy' , etc. share the same tone with the words for 'song ', 'chicken', etc.; but the words for 'rice', 'old', etc. do not, as shown in Table 40…(p. 440)
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