Can future UK housing meet its energy needs from zero or low carbon sources?

摘要

From 2016 every new home in Britain must supply all of its energy needs from zero or lowcarbon (ZLC) energy sources such as solar and wind - under the Code for Sustainable Homes (CSH)Level 6. This is not just the heating of the space and the water but also the lighting, cooking and all ofthe energy sapping devices such as TVs and fridges that are so much a feature of modern life. Sociallandlords must comply a full year earlier, in 2015. Fortunately, this does not represent a standing startfor many developers as ‗Merton Rules‘ have been widely adopted by local authorities since 2003.These typically require 10% of the energy use in the home (excluding lighting, appliances etc) tocome from onsite renewable resources. In practice even this level has proved pretty challenging. Thispaper uses studies of Merton Rule-style policies, and case histories from around Britain and Europe,to evaluate the main ZLC technologies and their potential to deliver onsite energy cost-effectively.The paper also examines the experience of low energy homes in North European climates to identifyhow much electricity and heat a Code Level 6 home is likely to consume and how much canrealistically be harvested onsite. The author concludes that the CSH Level 6 policy is impracticalusing renewable energy harvested onsite, and only becomes practicable when energy can be importedfrom elsewhere. The policy condemns developers to investing in ineffective technologies such aswind or solar that are highly inefficient and expensive when deployed on a micro-scale in urban areas;or other technologies of questionable environmental benefit. It also condemns local authorities to anunnecessary and highly complex assessment and monitoring regime. The author argues that a farsimpler and more logical solution is to allow wind and solar energy also to be harvested offsite–through large-scale, developer-funded, farms. These are relatively cheap, zero carbon in operation;easy to regulate; and can in principle supply any development from the very largest to individualunits.