Avaliação da toxicidade induzida pela exposição à microcistina-LR sobre as neurotransmissões colinérgica e purinérgica em Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

摘要

Microcystins (MCs) constitute a family of cyanobacterial toxins, with more than 80 variants. These toxins are able to induce hepatotoxicity in several organisms, mainly through the inhibition of protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A and oxidative stress generation. Recent evidence shows that MCs can either accumulate in brain or alter behavior patterns of fish species. Thus, this thesis aimed to study the effects of MC-LR (with the variable amino acids leucine (L) and arginine (R)) exposure on biochemical parameters in zebrafish, emphasizing the cholinergic and purinergic signaling, as well as to evaluate the behavioral patterns and whole-body cortisol levels. In vivo studies showed that 100 μg/L MC-LR for 24 h led to a significant increase in the AChE activity (27%) when zebrafish were exposed to the toxin dissolved in water, but did not cause any significant changes when injected intraperitoneally. In addition, semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that 100 μg/L MC-LR exposure also increased ache mRNA levels in zebrafish brain. The in vitro assays did not reveal any significant changes in AChE activity. We also assessed behavioral patterns and whole-body cortisol levels of adult zebrafish exposed to cell culture of the microcystin-producing cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. MC-LR exposure (100 μg/L) decreased by 63% the distance traveled and increased threefold the immobility time when compared to the control group. Interestingly, no significant alterations in the number of line crossings were found at the same MC-LR concentration and time of exposure. When animals were exposed to 50 and 100 μg/L, MC-LR promoted a significant increase (around 93%) in the time spent in the bottom portion of the tank, suggesting an anxiogenic effect. In addition, the results also showed that none of the MC-LR concentrations tested promoted significant alterations in absolute turn angle, path efficiency, social behavior, or whole-body cortisol level. Moreover, we evaluated the acute effects of different concentrations of MC-LR on NTPDases (nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases) and 5'- nucleotidase in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) brain membranes. The results have shown no significant changes in ATP, ADP and AMP hydrolysis in zebrafish brain membranes. MC-LR in vitro also did not alter ATP, ADP and AMP hydrolysis in the concentrations tested. These findings show that acute exposure to MC-LR did not modulate ectonucleotidases activity in the tested conditions. Taken together these findings provide the first evidence that brain AChE is another potential target for MCs and that MC-LR exposure significantly impairs animal`s exploratory performance. Nevertheless, further studies including long-time exposure should be performed in order to achieve a better understanding about MCLR toxicity mechanisms in the central nervous system.