Assessment of the Marine Biofouling Introductions to the Puget Sound Region of Washington State.

摘要

The Puget Sound region has a long history of marine and estuarine species invasions that have contributed to ecological alterations of the region’s ecosystem over centuries of human influence. The patterns of invasion and subsequent effects of those species are initiated by transport vectors that operate throughout the world and transfer biota to Washington. Chief among those vectors is biofouling, which is the accumulation of algae and invertebrates that settle onto submerged surfaces. This report examines the issue of marine and estuarine invasions by biofouling-mediated nonindigenous species (NIS) in Puget Sound. Biofouling species often comprise the largest portion of species richness for NIS inventories highlighting the diversity of organisms that comprise this community and their ability to colonize and survive vector transport. The primary vectors of biofouling organisms are the submerged portions of ships and boats (vessels), but biofouling species can also be conveyed by any maritime infrastructure as well as intentional and unintentional release through aquaculture activities, live bait and other vectors. Biofouling NIS self-dispersal also plays a role in their spread after initial introductions to one part of a coastline.