Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants Guidance Manual

摘要

The objective of this guidance of this guidance manual is to describe alternative211u001edisinfectants and disinfection techniques that may be used to comply with both 211u001ethe Stage 1 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule (DBPR) and Interim 211u001eEnhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (IESWTR) and highlight advantages and 211u001edisadvantages of their use. This chapter presents a brief discussion of the 211u001ebackground and regulatory context of alternative disinfectants, including an 211u001eoverview of the disinfection profiling and benchmarking approach to evaluate 211u001edisinfection efficiency. Chapter 2 presents an overview of disinfection, 211u001eincluding the use of chlorine, with the next six chapters of this manual devoted 211u001eto each of the following alternative disifectants and oxidants: Ozone (O3); 211u001eChlorine dioxide (ClO2); Potassium permanganate (KMnO4); Chloramine (NH2Cl); 211u001eOzone/hydrogen peroxide combinations (O3/H2O2); and Ultraviolet radiation (UV). 211u001eFor each disinfectant, this guidance manual describes the chemistry specific to 211u001ethe disinfection or oxidation process, generation, primary uses and points of 211u001eapplication, disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation, pathogen inactivation and 211u001edisinfection efficacy, the status of analytical methods for residual monitoring, 211u001eand operational considerations. Chapter 9 provides similar information regarding 211u001ethe use of combined disinfectants. A summary of existing disinfectant usage in 211u001ethe United States is provided in Appendix A. Cost estimates for the use of 211u001ealternative disinfectants are provided in Appendix B.