Biotic and Abiotic Mechanisms in the Establishment of a Northern Red Oak Seedlings: A Review

摘要

The sustained presence of northern red oak (Quercus rubra) in forests throughout the eastern and central hardwood regions of the United States often depends on seed-origin reproduction. However, in some hardwood forests, small northern red oak seedlings may be sparse for extended periods. This is particularly the case in the central Appalachians, where seedlings apparently become established in single-cohorts during anomalous years when acorn production is above average. A better understanding of the mechanisms that drive the establishment of seedlings could increase the potential for sustaining the species within these regions. This report summarizes the literature on acorn production, predation by insects and vertebrates, infection of acorns by microorganisms, and environmental factors that affect germination. Recommendations for future research are presented.