Calcium Sulfate Scaling in Reverse Osmosis (Hyper-Filtration) of Brackish Waters by Hollow-Fiber and Spiral-Wound Modules.

摘要

The primary objective of the study was to operate hollow-fiber and spiral-wound modules in reverse osmosis of synthetic waters in order to establish a correlation between the practical solubility limits of calcium sulfate as a function of operating conditions and the equilibrium solubility limits that were determined in concurrent work. A subsidiary objective was to organize existing literature data on the free energies of solutions of electrolytes common in natural waters in a manner allowing convenient estimation of osmotic pressures. The results of the experimental program directed to reverse osmosis tests of commercial modules are given in Section two of this report,thermodynamic data and procedures for its use are presented in Section three,and a theoretical discussion of concentration polarization in multicomponent systems is presented in Section four. (Modified author abstract).