Health Considerations in Applying Minimum Treated Wastewater to Land

摘要

The paper is primarily a summary of two previously published detailed reports on the health effects of land treatment (Kowal 1982, 1985), and the reader is encouraged to seek the supporting data and arguments for the generalizations made here. In those reports the types and levels commonly found in municipal wastewater and the efficiency of preapplication treatment (usually stabilization pond) are briefly reviewed for each agent of concern. A discussion of the levels, behavior, and survival of the agent in the medium or route of potential human exposure, i.e. aerosols, surface soil and plants, subsurface soil and groundwater, and animals, follows as appropriate. For the pathogens, infective dose, risk of infection, and epidemiology are then briefly reviewed. Finally, conclusions and research needs are presented.