More than 1 million U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development-supported public housing units provide rental housing for eligible low-income families across the country. These units range from scattered single-family houses to high-rise apartments. In this project, the Advanced Residential Integrated Energy Solutions Collaborative (ARIES) worked with two public housing authorities (PHAs) to develop packages of energy efficiency retrofit measures the PHAs can cost-effectively implement with their own staffs in the normal course of housing operations at the time when units are refurbished between occupancies. ARIES conducted a survey of PHAs to assess their receptiveness to this concept and the applicability of the concept to PHA units. The results of the survey, to which more than 100 PHAs responded, support the proposed approach. The project consisted of a field evaluation in which energy audits were performed on a sample of PHA units at two housing authorities. Energy efficiency turnover protocols were developed for typical units, the protocol was implemented by PHA staff, and the effectiveness of the protocol was quantified through field testing and modeling. The energy efficiency turnover protocols emphasized air infiltration reduction, duct sealing, and measures that improve equipment efficiency. In the 10 housing units in which ARIES documented implementation, reductions in average air leakage of 16%20% and duct leakage of 38% were obtained. Total source energy consumption savings was estimated at 6%10% based on Building Energy Optimization modeling with a simple payback of 1.72.2 years. Implementation challenges were encountered, mainly related to required operational changes and budgetary constraints. Lack of complete training and inadequate quality control can prevent PHAs from effectively retrofitting units to their full potential. Nevertheless, despite these hurdles, simple improvements, such as caulking and sealing penetrations, windows, and doors; sealing duct boots; and adding pipe insulation into a standardized turnover protocol can feasibly be accomplished by PHA staff at low or no cost. At typical housing unit turnover rates, these measures could impact hundreds of thousands of units per year nationally.
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