European Union's Arms Embargo on China: Implications and Options for U.S. Policy. CRS Report to Congress

摘要

The European Union (EU) is considering lifting its arms embargo on China, which was imposed in response to the June 1989 Tiananmen Crackdown. France, Germany, and other EU members claim that the embargo hinders the development of a 'strategic partnership' with China. The Bush Administration and Members of Congress strongly oppose an end to the EU's arms embargo and urge stronger arms export controls. The United States contends that engagement with China need not send the wrong signals on China's human rights record and military buildup that threaten a peaceful resolution of Taiwan and other issues. The EU argues that the arms embargo -- which is not legally binding -- is weak and largely symbolic. Indeed, some EU members reportedly have allowed defense-related exports to China under the arms embargo. While such sales have raised questions about the effectiveness of the EU's arms embargo on China, they also point to the potential for future sales of military equipment or technology to China. EU governments stress that if and when the embargo is overturned, its end would be accompanied by a stronger EU arms export control regime that will improve accountability and better control arms sales to China and elsewhere. U.S. critics, however, remain skeptical that even a tighter EU Code will contain sufficient enforcement and transparency mechanisms to dissuade EU countries from exporting advanced defense technologies that could enhance China's military buildup and ultimately threaten common U.S., European, and Asian interests in peace and stability. Overall, there are two questions for Congress in examining U.S. policy toward the fate of the EU's arms embargo: what are the implications for U.S. interests in trans-Atlantic relations and China; and if U.S. interests are adversely affected, what are some options for Congress to discourage the EU from lifting its arms embargo on China and, if it is lifted, to protect U.S. national security interests in both Asia and Europ7.