The Researcher and the Manager: A Dialectic of Implementation

摘要

The purpose of this paper is to review various opinions and differences of opinion which have been expressed concerning that aspect of research referred to as 'implementation'. The term 'implementation' is used to refer to the manner in which the results of scientific effort may come to be used by the manager. The 'problem of implementation' is the problem of determining what activities of the scientist and the manager are most appropriate to bring about an effective relationship between the two. The ex amination of what operations researchers and social scientists have had to say about the relationship between manager and scientist has yielded four rather distinct ideas. We call these four concepts the separate-function position, the communication position, the persuasion position, and the mutual understanding position.