SHIPPING STUDY - The Role of Shipping in the Introduction of Non-indigenous Aquatic Organisms to the Coastal Waters of the United States (other than the Great Lakes) and an Analysis of Control Options

摘要

This study investigated the extent to which shipping contributes to the introduction of nonindigenous species into U.S. waters;potertial options for controlling such introductions;and the issue of whether this problem is of regional or national concern. Data on shipping traffic patterns and ballast water management practices were collected, and estimates were made of the amount and sources of ballast water released in or near U.S. waters. The feasibilities of various options for controlling ballast water-mediated invasions were examined via consultations with experts in various fields and investigation into capabilities of products on the market. Recommendations include potential strategies for managing/reducing the risk of nonindigenous species invasions.