Western Turkey, including the part that was included in the ancient Creek state of Thrace has a long history of civilization. Present day landscapes at classical sites may differ from historical descriptions due to sedimentation patterns and tectonic activity. Geological reconstruction by Kraft and colleagues of two ancient sites, Troy and Ephesus has proved to be consistent with classical descriptions. The geology of Gallipoli, the peninsula north of the Dardanelles and opposite the ancient site of Troy is also described. Ephesus is possibly the best preserved of the ancient Greco-Roman cities and is located in the valley of the Kucijk Menderes River, south of Izmir.
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