Reproductive failure is a broad term that encompasses the inability to conceive or the inability to maintain a pregnancy. Therefore, reproductive failure includes both infertility and pregnancy loss, the latter being defined as either a single loss at any gestational age, or recurrent miscarriage, defined as at least three consecutive pregnancy losses under 20 weeks of gestation. Chromosome analysis is an important test to determine whether a pregnancy loss was explained due to a numeric error. Ideally, chromosome analysis is performed on a second-trimester and subsequent first-trimester miscarriage, any second- or third-trimester unexplained loss, or following prolonged infertility. By excluding chromoso-mally abnormal pregnancy losses, the selection of patients who will benefit from immunotherapy would be improved.
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