A kinetic model is used to predict the temperature evolution of a monatomic ideal gas undergoing an adiabatic expansion or compression at a constant finite rate, and it is then generalized to treat real gases. The effects of interatomic forces are considered, using as examples the gas with the squarehyphen;well potential and the van der Waals gas. The model is integrated into a Carnot cycle operating at a finite rate to compare the efficiencyrsquo;s ratehyphen;dependent behavior with the reversible result. Limitations of the model, rate penalties, and their importance are discussed.
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