Vesicular#x2010;arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) are critical components of arid ecosystems that regulate plant growth by improving plant nutrient and water uptake capacities. All arid plant species are capable of forming mycorrhizal associations except a limited suite of annual weeds. Almost any perturbation associated with human development serves to reduce VAM inoculum. Thus the restoration of disturbed lands depends, in part, on the restoration of viable VAM symbioses.
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