Orchids are one of the most widespread groups of flowering plants with a wide geographical range and species diversity. A number of tropical and subtropical species are used as decorative, medicinal, and edible. The increased demand for plant material, while a large number of species are under threat of extinction in nature, makes growing of orchids in culture relevant. Traditionally, new interesting forms have been obtained through hybridization and selection, which require considerable time. Not all requirements for elite varieties can be solved by traditional breeding methods. The application of the achievements of modern molecular biology significantly expands the possibilities of breeders. The development of genetic engineering methods allows introducing both new heterologous genes to orchids and editing their own genes, which can significantly speed up and increase the success of the traditional selection process. Members of the Orchidaceae family can be used not only for introduction of valuable heterologous genes but also as a source of unique genes for the improvement of cultivated species of other families. The review examines the current state and prospects of genetic engineering of orchids and their use as recipients and donors of genes for genetic transformation.
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