Dinebra panicoides (J. Presl) P. M. Peterson & N. Snow PoaceaeAmazon Spangle-top.Significance of the Report. Northernmost population in the Mississippi valley of an invasive neotropical species.Previous Knowledge. This annual C4 grass was formerly assigned to the genus Leptochloa P. Beauv. (Snow 2003, Gleason and Cronquist 2004, Mohlen-brock 2014). Native to the neotropics and warm temperate areas from Brazil northward to the southern United States, Amazon spangle-top commonly grows on seasonally exposed mudflats as well as in other mesic sites (Snow 2003, Peterson et al. 2012). Although it is native to the lower Mississippi valley, its presence upriver has been noted only in recent decades (Yatskievych 1999, Buthod and Hoagland 2011). It was not found in Missouri until 1955 (Steyermark 1963, as Diplachne halei Nash) nor in Illinois until 1963 (Mohlenbrock 2001, 2014). It has spread extensively in the former state since then but in the latter has been documented from only Calhoun and Pike Counties in the west and Alexander, Massac, and Pulaski Counties in the south (Mohlenbrock 2001, 2014; BONAP 2015; ILPIN 2015; USDA, NRCS 2015).
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