The achievement of electronic government and electronic local government is one of the highlights of the e-Japan Priority Policy Program announced by the Japanese government. In particular, attention has been paid in recent years to continuous acquisition and life-cycle support (commerce at light speed)/electronic commerce (CALS/EC) systems, in which public works processes including planning, design, procurement, execution management, and maintenance are computerized so that information can be shared and utilized by both suppliers and public purchasers through the online network. In the phases of procurement and execution in public works, for example, the introduction of CALSIEC makes it easy to establish an electronic bidding system, organize complex work flows sequentially, and construct an interconnected database system. CALS/EC is therefore
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