Disease development is a complex process involving many factors including intrinsic physiological changes and harmful environmental exposure. Although disease causes are known in general to be related to genetic abnormalities, pathogen infections, aging, exposure to toxicants, etc., the exact initial causes remain unknown for a majority of the diseases including cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, etc. Each type of disease, even for individual patients andsubpopulations, has its own development paths and mechanisms, requiring personalized medicine for disease prevention and treatment [1,2]. The advancements of molecular technologies in the past decades have shed lights on the mechanisms of disease development and some key genes, proteins, pathways have been identified. These molecules have been or are being served as the targets or biomarkers for modem drug development [3,4]. According to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act) of the United States of America, drugs are defined, in part, by their intended use, as "articles intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease" and "articles (other than food) intended to affect the structure or any function of the body of man or other animals" (www.fda. gov).
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