The authors present their experience in treating renal calculi in 17 horseshoe kidneys (HSKs) using retrograde flexible ureteros-copy. Of the 17 patients, 12 were treated secondarily after failure of shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) in 8 or percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) in 4. The mean stone diameter was 16 mm, and the stone-free rate was 88% after an average of 1.5 treatments; 53% of the patients were stone free after a single treatment. All patients with a calculus <=10 mm were stone free after a single session. However, those with stones >=13 mm had an 88% risk of requiring additional procedures. The average length of stay was 1.7 days, and the complication rate was low. No patient developed a major complication while 1 patient required readmission for pyelonephritis.
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