Early in Masters of Sex, Showtime's new Mad Men-era drama about pioneering sex researchers William Masters (a respected ob-gyn) and Virginia Johnson (his secretary turned partner), Masters proposes a seemingly modest scientific inquiry: "What happens to the body during sex?" Over more than three decades of highly charged collaboration, the pair gathered data from thousands of "complete cycles of sexual response"-and also experimented on each other. But even with all the research that Masters and Johnson did and inspired, researchers haven't stopped asking a lot of basic questions about sex. Here's what science is still wondering.
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