Among the billions of neurons in a human brain, what role do specific neurons play in controlling movement or cognition, or causing disorders like depression and autism? Figuring out the functions of various neurons and circuits in mice or other lab animals can offer answers. A technique called optogenetics gives scientists the power to turn neurons on or off. Scientists can then explore whether a particular set of neurons is responsible for a behavior or disorder. With optogenetics, researchers can manipulate neurons in worms, flies, mice, and even monkeys. The technology has been used to study neural processes underlying epilepsy, addiction, depression, and more.
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