The evolution and dynamics of biotechnology systems of innovation: the role of policy targeting

摘要

We conceive the emergence of commercial biotechnology, particularly its biomedical applications, as a complex, evolutionary and context-dependent process. Since the early 1980s, the use of cellular and molecular processes to develop new technologies, products and services has resulted in a number of applications that contribute to reshape the structure of the industry and raise expectations for economic growth. Many countries have tried to close the gap with the USA which enjoyed a first-mover advantage and maintains a global leadership. This has been (concurrently) attempted by different levels of government (regional, national and supra-national), using a variety of measures.