Nanotechnology promises a broad range of future applications in a wide variety of disciplines. Whether the topic is precision engineering, electromechanical engineering, mainstream biological and chemical sciences, or medical research, the two fundamentally different approaches to creating nanodevices are "top-down" and "bottom-up." Top-down refers to making nahoscale structures with machining and etching techniques; bottom-up applies to building organic and inorganic structures atom-by-atom or molecule-by-molecule. A top-down approach, suchasnanopatterning, finds a growing number of industrial applications due to its compatibility with existing manufacturing standards and its increased efficiency in throughput and fabrication costs.
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