A gamma-ray determination of the Universe's star formation history

Abdollahi S.; Ackermann M.; Ajello M.; Atwood W. B.; Baldini L.; Ballet J.; Barbiellini G.; Bastieri D.; Gonzalez J. Becerra; Bellazzini R.; Bissaldi E.; Blandford R. D.; Bloom E. D.; Bonino R.; Bottacini E.; Buson S.; Bregeon J.; Bruel P.; Buehler R.; Cameron R. A.; Caputo R.; Caraveo P. A.; Cavazzuti E.; Charles E.; Chen S.; Cheung C. C.; Chiaro G.; Ciprini S.; Cohen-Tanugi J.; Cominsky L. R.; Conrad J.; Costantin D.; Cutini S.; DAmmando F.; de Palma F.; Desai A.; Digel S. W.; Di Lalla N.; Di Mauro M.; Di Venere L.; Dominguez A.; Favuzzi C.; Fegan S. J.; Finke J.; Franckowiak A.; Fukazawa Y.; Funk S.; Fusco P.; Romero G. Gallardo; Gargano F.; Gasparrini D.; Giglietto N.; Giordano F.; Giroletti M.; Green D.; Grenier I. A.; Guillemot L.; Guiriec S.; Hartmann D. H.; Hays E.; Helgason K.; Horan D.; Johannesson G.; Kocevski D.; Kuss M.; Larsson S.; Latronico L.; Li J.; Longo F.; Loparco F.; Lott B.; Lovellette M. N.; Lubrano P.; Madejski G. M.; Magill J. D.; Maldera S.; Manfreda A.; Marcotulli L.; Mazziotta M. N.; McEnery J. E.; Meyer M.; Michelson P. F.; Mizuno T.; Monzani M. E.; Morselli A.; Moskalenko I. V.; Negro M.; Nuss E.; Ojha R.; Omodei N.; Orienti M.; Orlando E.; Ormes J. F.; Palatiello M.; Paliya V. S.; Paneque D.; Perkins J. S.; Persic M.; Pesce-Rollins M.; Petrosian V.; Piron F.; Porter T. A.; Primack J. R.; Principe G.; Raino S.; Rando R.; Razzano M.; Razzaque S.; Reimer A.; Reimer O.; Parkinson P. M. Saz; Sgro C.; Siskind E. J.; Spandre G.; Spinelli P.; Suson D. J.; Tajima H.; Takahashi M.; Thayer J. B.; Tibaldo L.; Torres D. F.; Torresi E.; Tosti G.; Tramacere A.; Troja E.; Valverde J.; Vianello G.; Vogel M.; Wood K.; Zaharijas G.

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A gamma-ray determination of the Universe's star formation history

机译：伽玛射线确定宇宙的恒星形成历史

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The light emitted by all galaxies over the history of the Universe produces the extragalactic background light (EBL) at ultraviolet, optical, and infrared wavelengths. The EBL is a source of opacity for gamma rays via photon-photon interactions, leaving an imprint in the spectra of distant gamma-ray sources. We measured this attenuation using 739 active galaxies and one gamma-ray burst detected by the Fermi Large Area Telescope. This allowed us to reconstruct the evolution of the EBL and determine the star formation history of the Universe over 90% of cosmic time. Our star formation history is consistent with independent measurements from galaxy surveys, peaking at redshift z similar to 2. Upper limits of the EBL at the epoch of reionization suggest a turnover in the abundance of faint galaxies at z similar to 6.

机译：所有星系在整个宇宙的历史中发出的光都会产生紫外，光学和红外波长的银河外背景光（EBL）。 EBL是通过光子-光子相互作用的伽马射线的不透明源，在远距离伽马射线源的光谱中留下了印记。我们使用739个活跃星系和费米大面积望远镜探测到的一个伽马射线爆发测量了这种衰减。这使我们能够重建EBL的演化，并确定90％以上的宇宙时间中宇宙的恒星形成历史。我们的恒星形成历史与来自银河系调查的独立测量结果一致，在红移z处达到峰值，类似于2。在电离时代EBL的上限表明，在z处的微弱星系的周转率类似于6。

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《Science》 |2018年第6418期|1031-1034|共4页
作者
Abdollahi S.; Ackermann M.; Ajello M.; Atwood W. B.; Baldini L.; Ballet J.; Barbiellini G.; Bastieri D.; Gonzalez J. Becerra; Bellazzini R.; Bissaldi E.; Blandford R. D.; Bloom E. D.; Bonino R.; Bottacini E.; Buson S.; Bregeon J.; Bruel P.; Buehler R.; Cameron R. A.; Caputo R.; Caraveo P. A.; Cavazzuti E.; Charles E.; Chen S.; Cheung C. C.; Chiaro G.; Ciprini S.; Cohen-Tanugi J.; Cominsky L. R.; Conrad J.; Costantin D.; Cutini S.; DAmmando F.; de Palma F.; Desai A.; Digel S. W.; Di Lalla N.; Di Mauro M.; Di Venere L.; Dominguez A.; Favuzzi C.; Fegan S. J.; Finke J.; Franckowiak A.; Fukazawa Y.; Funk S.; Fusco P.; Romero G. Gallardo; Gargano F.; Gasparrini D.; Giglietto N.; Giordano F.; Giroletti M.; Green D.; Grenier I. A.; Guillemot L.; Guiriec S.; Hartmann D. H.; Hays E.; Helgason K.; Horan D.; Johannesson G.; Kocevski D.; Kuss M.; Larsson S.; Latronico L.; Li J.; Longo F.; Loparco F.; Lott B.; Lovellette M. N.; Lubrano P.; Madejski G. M.; Magill J. D.; Maldera S.; Manfreda A.; Marcotulli L.; Mazziotta M. N.; McEnery J. E.; Meyer M.; Michelson P. F.; Mizuno T.; Monzani M. E.; Morselli A.; Moskalenko I. V.; Negro M.; Nuss E.; Ojha R.; Omodei N.; Orienti M.; Orlando E.; Ormes J. F.; Palatiello M.; Paliya V. S.; Paneque D.; Perkins J. S.; Persic M.; Pesce-Rollins M.; Petrosian V.; Piron F.; Porter T. A.; Primack J. R.; Principe G.; Raino S.; Rando R.; Razzano M.; Razzaque S.; Reimer A.; Reimer O.; Parkinson P. M. Saz; Sgro C.; Siskind E. J.; Spandre G.; Spinelli P.; Suson D. J.; Tajima H.; Takahashi M.; Thayer J. B.; Tibaldo L.; Torres D. F.; Torresi E.; Tosti G.; Tramacere A.; Troja E.; Valverde J.; Vianello G.; Vogel M.; Wood K.; Zaharijas G.;
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作者单位

Naval Res Lab, Div Space Sci, Washington, DC 20375 USA;

Max Planck Inst Astrophys, Postfach 1317, D-85741 Garching, Germany;

Univ Telemat Pegaso, Piazza Trieste & Trento 48, I-80132 Naples, Italy;

Circolo Astrofili Talmassons, I-33030 Campoformido, UD, Italy;

AlbaNova, Oskar Klein Ctr Cosmoparticle Phys, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden;

Univ Johannesburg, Dept Phys, Box 524,Auckland Pk, ZA-2006 Johannesburg, South Africa;

Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy;

George Washington Univ, Dept Phys, 725 21st St NW, Washington, DC 20052 USA;

Stockholm Univ, Roslagstullsbacken 23, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden;

Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Rome, Italy;

CNRS, Observ Paris, Stn Radioastron Nancy, Inst Natl Sci Univers, F-18330 Nancy, France;

Praxis Inc, Alexandria, VA 22303 USA;

Univ Denver, Dept Phys & Astron, Denver, CO 80208 USA;

CNRS, Inst Rech Astrophys & Planetol, F-31028 Toulouse 4, France;

Univ Bologna, Dipartimento Astron, I-40127 Bologna, Italy;

Purdue Univ Northwest, Hammond, IN 46323 USA;

Univ Perugia, Dipartimento Fis, I-06123 Perugia, Italy;

Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA;

Sonoma State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Rohnert Pk, CA 94928 USA;

Hiroshima Univ, Dept Phys Sci, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 7398526, Japan;

Univ Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy;

Univ Bordeaux, CNRS, Inst Natl Phys Nucl Phys Particules, Ctr Etud Nucl Bordeaux Gradignan, BP120, F-33175 Gradignan, France;

Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy;

Univ Bari, Dipartimento Fis M Merlin, I-70126 Bari, Italy;

Univ Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy;

Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Inst Natl Phys Nucl Phys Particules, Lab Universe & Particules Montpellier, F-34095 Montpellier, France;

Univ Hong Kong, Dept Phys, Pokfulam Rd, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China;

Clemson Univ, Kinard Lab Phys, Dept Phys & Astron, Clemson, SC 29634 USA;

Leopold Franzens Univ Innsbruck, Inst Astro & Teilchenphy, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria;

Univ Toulouse, Galaxies Astrophys Hautes Energies Cosmol, Inst Rech Astrophys & Planetol, Univ Paul Sabatier,Observ Midi Pyrenees, F-31400 Toulouse, France;

Univ Trieste, Dipartimento Fis, I-34127 Trieste, Italy;

Univ Padua, Dipartimento Fis & Astron G Galilei, I-35131 Padua, Italy;

Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA;

Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy;

Italian Space Agcy, Via Politecn Snc, I-00133 Rome, Italy;

Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Space Sci Data Ctr, Via Politecn Snc, I-00133 Rome, Italy;

Univ Hong Kong, Lab Space Res, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China;

Friedrich Alexander Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, Erlangen Ctr Astroparticle Phys, Erwin Rommel Str 1, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany;

Max Planck Inst Phys & Astrophys, D-80805 Munich, Germany;

Nycb Real Time Comp Inc, Lattingtown, NY 11560 USA;

Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy;

Univ Iceland, Sci Inst, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland;

Ist Astrofis Spaziale & Fis Cosm Milano, Ist Nazl Astrofis, Via E Bassini 15, I-20133 Milan, Italy;

Royal Inst Technol, Kungliga Tekniska Hogskolan, Dept Phys, AlbaNova, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden;

CRESST, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA;

Ecole Polytech, CNRS, Lab Leprince Ringuet, Inst Natl Phys Nucl Phys Particules, F-91128 Palaiseau, France;

Leopold Franzens Univ Innsbruck, Inst Theoret Phys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria;

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany;

Univ Torino, Dipartimento Fis, I-10125 Turin, Italy;

Stockholm Univ, Dept Phys, AlbaNova, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden;

Int Gamma Ray Astrophys Lab Sci Data Ctr, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland;

Stanford Univ, SLAC Natl Accelerator Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA;

ICREA, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain;

Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Torino, I-10125 Turin, Italy;

Univ Paris Diderot, Serv Astrophys, Commissariat Energie Atom Saclay, CNRS,Inst Res Fundamental Laws Universe,Lab Astro, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France;

Univ Padua, Dept Phys & Astron, Vicolo Osservatorio 3, I-35122 Padua, Italy;

Ist Nazl Astrofis, Ist Radioastron, I-40129 Bologna, Italy;

Naval Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA;

Stanford Univ, WW Hansen Labs Phys, Kavli Inst Particle Astrophys & Cosmol, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA;

Univ Complutense Madrid, Grp Altas Energias, E-28040 Madrid, Spain;

Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Padova, I-35131 Padua, Italy;

NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA;

Univ Orleans, CNRS, Lab Phys & Chim Environnem & Espace, F-45071 Orleans 02, France;

CSIC, Inst Space Sci, Inst Estudis Espacials Catalunya, Campus Univ Autonoma Barcelona,Carrer Magrans S-N, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain;

Calif State Univ Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USA;

Politecn Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy;

Hiroshima Univ, Hiroshima Astrophys Sci Ctr, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 7398526, Japan;

Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz Inst Particle Phys, Dept Phys, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA;

Royal Inst Technol, Kungliga Tekniska Hogskoln, Roslagstullsbacken 23, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden;

Nagoya Univ, Solar Terr Environm Lab, Nagoya, Aichi 4648601, Japan;

Ist Nazl Astrofis, Osservatorio Astron Trieste, I-34143 Trieste, Italy;

Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Ist Astrofis Spaziale & Fis Cosm Bologna, Via P Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy;

Univ Nova Gorica, Ctr Astrophys & Cosmol, Nova Gorica, Slovakia;

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A gamma-ray determination of the Universe's star formation history

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