Just as many dental problems are rooted in our evolutionary history (see main text, p. 973), a number of musculoskeletal issues are also traceable to our past, in particular to the switch to walking upright more than 7 million years ago. "We've taken a body that was adapted to being horizontal to the ground and made it erect," says Bruce Latimer, a comparative anatomist at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio. "We've had to change nearly every bone in the body, and as a consequence, there are many things that humans suffer from that no other animal does."
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