Papers on Bose-Einstein Condensation (BEC) keep thundering through the Physics Top Ten. This period has two BEC newcomers, #3 and #5, as well as two triers at #11 and #12, which will probably break through in the next period. Meanwhile, the MIT paper on collective excitation moves up two places to #4, notching up 89 citations to date. First created in the laboratory in 1995 by Eric A. Cornell (coauthor of #5) and collabo- ' rators in Boulder, Colorado, BEC has been the subject of intense investigation ever since. Laser cooling and trapping followed by evaporative cooling is used to bring clouds of atoms down to the microkelvin temperature needed to produce the macroscopic quantum effect in which the cloud behaves as a single atom. In January of 1997 Wolfgang Ketterle's group at MIT produced a primitive "matter laser" using a BEC of sodium atoms.
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机译:关于玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚(BEC)的论文一直在物理学前十名中风靡一时。这个时期有两个BEC新人#3和#5,以及#11和#12的两个Trier,它们可能会在下一个时期突破。同时,麻省理工学院有关集体激励的论文上升了两位,升至第4位,迄今获得了89项引用。 BEC于1995年由Eric A. Cornell(第5位合著者)与合作伙伴在科罗拉多州的博尔德市首次创建,从那时起,BEC就一直受到广泛研究。激光冷却和俘获,然后进行蒸发冷却,用于使原子云降到产生宏观量子效应所需的微开尔文温度,在该宏观量子效应中,云表现为单个原子。 1997年1月,麻省理工学院的沃尔夫冈·凯特尔(Wolfgang Ketterle)研究小组使用钠原子的BEC生产了一种原始的“物质激光”。
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