Proximal maximum margin matrix factorization for collaborative filtering

摘要

Maximum Margin Matrix Factorization (MMMF) has been a successful learning method in collaborative filtering research. For a partially observed ordinal rating matrix, the focus is on determining low-norm latent factor matrices U (of users) and V (of items) so as to simultaneously approximate the observed entries under some loss measure and predict the unobserved entries. When the rating matrix contains only two levels (+/- 1), rows of V can be viewed as points in k-dimensional space and rows of U as decision hyperplanes in this space separating +1 entries from 1 entries. The concept of optimizing a loss function to determine the separating hyperplane is prevalent in support vector machines (SVM) research and when hinge/smooth hinge loss is used, the hyperplanes act as a maximum-margin separator. In MMMF, a rating matrix with multiple discrete values is treated by specially extending hinge loss function to suit multiple levels. MMMF is an efficient technique for collaborative filtering but it has several shortcomings. A prominent shortcoming is an overfitting problem wherein if learning iteration is prolonged to decrease the training error the generalization error grows. In this paper, we propose an alternative and new maximum margin factorization scheme for discrete-valued rating matrix to overcome the problem of overfitting. Our work draws motivation from a recent work on proximal support vector machines (PSVMs) wherein two parallel hyperplanes are used for binary classification and points are classified by assigning them to the class corresponding to the closest of two parallel hyperplanes. In other words, proximity to decision hyperplane is used as the classifying criterion. We show that a similar concept can be used to factorize the rating matrix if the loss function is suitably defined. The present scheme of matrix factorization has advantages over MMMF (similar to the advantages of PSVM over standard SVM). We validate our hypothesis by carrying out experiments on real and synthetic datasets. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.