In 2009, five countries across Northern Europe signed a memorandum of understanding exploring Nordic Defence Cooperation (NORDEFCO), in order to strengthen military capabilities and promote regional security and stability. The agreement, which continues to grow in relevance in the face of continued Russian aggression in Eastern Europe, has the support of the defence ministries of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. On 13 November 2018, the organisation published its 'NORDEFCO Vision 2025' political guidance, which outlined a series of "fundamental values and security interests" facilitated through a "web of bilateral and multilateral defence cooperation." The document states "The security challenges in our region are becoming more complex and demanding, characterised by the build-up of military forces as well as terrorism and increasing hybrid challenges including cyber. [NORDEFCO] have to cooperate under all circumstances, and are committed to improving interoperability, deterrence and territorial defence in the Nordic region."
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