A woman's grace: gender, imperialism and religion in Emily Keene's philanthropic activities in Morocco, 1873-1941

摘要

Emily Keene (London 1849 - Tangier 1941) became a relevant figure in pre-colonial Moroccan history due to her involvement in British policy and to her philanthropic-medical initiatives during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Such prominence was closely linked with her marriage to the sheriff of Wazzan, a powerful spiritual and political figure. 'Grace', in a triple romantic, political and religious sense, was a defining feature of Keene's marriage and widowhood and explained that, despite her continuing adscription to Christian religion, British imperialism and Western science, she deployed a weakly hegemonic stand towards her country of adoption. This attitude distanced her from the 'civilizing mission' policy that set off in the mid-1880s and from the active proselytising and scientific supremacism of the British missionaries during the same period. After her husband's death in 1892, she showed a strong commitment towards (Western-style) Moroccan social and political emancipation, which she tried to promote in close association with a small circle of women friends and Quakers based in Tangiers. Emily Keene's is thus an excellent case study for exploring the interplay between gender, imperialism and religion in pre-colonial Morocco and also the connection between private life and public activity in 19th century women humanitarians.