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Darwinian Criminality Theory: A Tragic Chapter in History

机译:达尔文犯罪理论:历史上的悲剧篇

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摘要

I darwinisti un tempo credevano che alcune persone potessero occa-sionalmente regredire, sia fisicamente che mentalmente, ad uno stadio pre-umano dello sviluppo évolutive. Una taie persona era chiamata "tipo criminale atavico". La criminologia darwinista era volta innanzitutto ad identificare il tipo criminale, al quale spettava la reclusione permanente a difesa délia società, anche nel caso in cui il reato commesso fosse minore. Al contrario, se un "tipo non-criminale" commetteva un delitto anche grave, una taie evenienza veniva considerata un'anomalia e l'im-prigionamento non era ritenuto di alcuna utilità. La criminologia darwinista riteneva che la punizione dovesse essere adeguata al criminale anzi-ché al crimine. Questa teoria fu ampiamente adottata dai criminologi e influenzô sia l'opinione pubblica che la politica ufficiale. Lo stereotipo del "tipo fisico criminale" è présente tutt'oggi, anche se la teoria dell'ata-vismo in criminologia è stata da tempo confutata.%Darwinists once believed that individual human beings occasionally reverted, both physically and mentally, to a prehuman stage of evolutionary development. This person was called an atavistic criminal type. As a result of this belief, the focus in Darwinian criminology was on identifying the criminal type who should be imprisoned permanently to protect society, even if the particular offense committed was minor. Conversely, if a "non-criminal type" committed even a serious offense, it was an aberration, and therefore, they concluded, imprisonment would serve no purpose. Darwinian criminologists believed punishment must fit the criminal and not the crime. Criminologists widely adopted this theory to explain crime and, as a result, it influenced both public opinion and official policy. The "criminal physical type" stereotype is still very much with us, even though the theory of evolutionary throwbacks (atavisms) as a causative factor in criminality was empirically disproved decades ago.
机译:达尔文主义者曾经认为,有些人偶尔会在身心上退步到人类进化发展的阶段。一个这样的人被称为“犯罪犯罪类型”。达尔文主义的犯罪学首先旨在确定犯罪类型,即使犯下的罪行是轻微的,也为维护社会而将其永久监禁。相反,如果“非犯罪类型”犯下严重罪行,则将某一事件视为不正常现象,并且认为监禁没有任何用处。达尔文主义犯罪学认为,惩罚应该适用于犯罪分子而不是犯罪。该理论被犯罪学家广泛采用,并影响了民意和官方政治。尽管犯罪学中的“ ata-vismo”理论早已被驳斥,但今天仍然存在着“犯罪的物理类型”的刻板印象。%达尔文主义者曾经认为,个体偶尔会在身体和精神上恢复为人类。发展阶段。此人被称为轻罪犯。由于这种信念,达尔文犯罪学的重点是确定为保护社会而应被永久监禁的犯罪类型,即使所犯的特定罪行较小。相反,如果“非犯罪类型”甚至犯下严重罪行,那也是一种畸形,因此,他们得出结论,监禁毫无用处。达尔文的犯罪学家认为,惩罚必须适合罪犯,而不是罪犯。犯罪学家广泛采用这种理论来解释犯罪,因此,它影响了公众舆论和官方政策。尽管进化上的回扣理论是犯罪的成因,但几十年来,根据经验,这种“犯罪的物理类型”的刻板印象仍然很普遍。

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  • 来源
    《Rivista di Biologia》 |2005年第1期|p.47-69|共23页
  • 作者

    Gerald Bergman;

  • 作者单位

    Notthwest State College, 22-600 State Rt. 43, Archbold, Ohio 43543, U.S.A.;

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  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类 生物科学;
  • 关键词

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