Many countries and regions nowadays continue to rely heavily on non-renewable energy sources, such as oil, natural gas and coal. A number of environmental problems have emerged which are associated with various energy-related activities at the local, regional and global levels. Most energy-environmental problems are related to a number of factors with multi-source, multi-layer, multi-stage, and multi-objective characteristics. Effective reflection of these complexities is currently an important issue emphasized by many public-sector decision-makers and private industries.
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