Coupled active and reactive market in smart distribution systemconsidering renewable distributed energy resources and demandresponse programs

摘要

In this paper a new framework is introduced to develop a coupled active and reactivemarket in distribution networks. Distributed energy resources (DERs) such as synchronousmachine–based distributed generations and wind turbines offer their active andreactive powers to the proposed market. For the considered DERs, multicomponentreactive power bidding structures are introduced based on their capability curves. Also,the hourly speed variations of wind turbines are considered in the proposed model. Adistribution company buys active and reactive powers from a wholesale market andsells them via this market. The demand side is active, and responsive loads oraggregators can participate in the market using a demand bidding/buyback program.The objective function of the proposed market is to minimize the active and reactivepower costs of DERs and distribution companies, the penalty cost of CO2 emission,and the cost of running a demand bidding/buyback program. The effectiveness ofthe proposed method is examined on a 22‐bus 20‐kV radial distribution test system.