Oil and Gas Upstream Sector: Changes of Major Players and the Market across the Ages

摘要

According to Dr. Yuval Noah Harari’s bestseller “Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind,” the modern humans known as Homo sapiens emerged 200,000 years ago after human ancestors appeared 2.0 million to 2.5 million years ago on the earth that was formed 4.5 billion years ago. Dr. Harari argues that Homo sapiens have developed through three important revolutions based on their unique capacity to believe in things existing purely in the imagination and their cognitive capacity for fiction. 1. The first one, the Cognitive Revolution, kickstarted about 70,000 years ago through which Home sapiens came to form social groups with the capacity to share fictions such as languages and primitive religions. 2. The second one, the Agricultural Revolution, began about 10,000 years ago when Homo sapiens began to devote themselves to agriculture, forming settled social groups through farming and later creating fictions like currencies, empires and religions (ideologies), as well as universal order.