Impact of materials technology on the breeding blanket design - Recent progress and case studies in materials technology

摘要

A major part in the EUROfusion materials research program is dedicated to characterize and quantify nuclear fusion specific neutron damage in structural materials. While the majority of irradiation data gives a relatively clear view on the displacement damage, the effect of transmutation - i.e. especially hydrogen and helium production in steels - is not yet explored very well. However, few available results indicate that EUROFER-type steels will reach their operating limit as soon as the formation of helium bubbles reaches a critical amount or size. At that point, the material would fail due to embrittlement at the considered load.This paper presents a strategy for the mitigation of the before-mentioned problem using the following facts:the neutron dose and related transmutation rate decreases quickly inside the first wall, that is, only a plasma-near area is extremely loadednanostructured oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steels may have an enormous trapping effect on helium and hydrogen, which would suppress the formation of large helium bubblescompared to conventional steels, ODS steels show improved irradiation tensile ductility and creep strengthIn summary, producing the plasma facing, highly neutron and heat loaded part of blankets by an ODS steel, while using EUROFER97 for everything else, would allow a higher heat flux as well as a longer operating period.Consequently, we (1) developed and produced 14 % Cr ferritic ODS steel plates. (2) We fabricated a mockup with 5 cooling channels and a plated first wall of ODS steel, using the same production processes as for a real component. And finally, (3) we performed high heat flux tests in the HELOKA facility (Helium Loop Karlsruhe at KIT) applying short and up to 2 h long pulses, in which the operating temperature limit for EUROFER97 (i.e., 550 degrees C) was finally exceeded by 100 K. Thereafter, microstructure and defect analyses did not reveal defects or recognizable damage. Only a heat affected zone in the EUROFER/ODS steel interface could be detected. This demonstrates that the use of ODS steel could make a decisive difference in the future design and performance of breeding blankets.