Wilderness, People, and the False Charge of Misanthropy

摘要

It is sometimes argued that the idea of wilderness-land which humans willfully leave alone and let be-stems from and reinforces the vice of misanthropy insofar as it assumes that humans are a destructive and deterministic species. This misanthropy is allegedly reflected in three prevailing conceptions of wilderness: (1) wilderness as an escape from people, (2) humans as a taint on wilderness, and (3) humans as having no positive role in nature. These alleged links between wilderness and misanthropy are false. The first two conceptions are not goals of wilderness but are means to the goals of experiencing and protecting wild nature, which are not misanthropic goals. The third conception might be misanthropic, but is based on a category error; the U.S. Wilderness Act of 1964 is itself an example of a positive role for humans in nature: Contrary to the charge of misanthropy, the wilderness idea does not require the assumption that humans are inherently destructive. This issue is important because the oft-repeated (and too-often tolerated) false charge of misanthropy unfairly gives wilderness a bad name and illicitly undermines some of the support it might otherwise have, and is a common accusation of business-as-usual development interests that are hostile to conservation policies and wish to subvert them.