Effects of Ultrasound on Removal of Ranitidine Hydrochloride from Water by Activated Carbon Based on Lagenaria siceraria

摘要

Sorption removal of ranitidine hydrochloride (RH) from aqueous solution, using activated carbon obtained from iLagenaria siceraria activated carbon (LSAC), in the presence and absence of ultrasound, was investigated in batch mode. Characterization of material by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis shows high surface area of 665 m~(2)/g. The value of pH_(PZC) is found to be 7.2. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectrum is typical for carbon materials. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analyses show porous, sponge-like, and amorphous structure, with high carbon content, and very small amount of oxygen. In addition, Boehm's analysis indicates relatively small amount of oxygen functional groups. Time for sorption equilibrium was about six times shorter in presence of ultrasound. The Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second order kinetic model the best describe the RH removal process, indicating monolayer sorption. Sorption capacity of LSAC increases by influence of ultrasound, and maximal sorption capacities are 328.71, 389.84, and 425.43 mg/g for power of 0, 25, and 50 W, respectively. When temperature increased from 10°C to 30°C, sorption capacity decreased. Thermodynamic analysis showed that sorption was exothermic and spontaneous, implying the physisorption mechanism of RH removal by LSAC.