Interferometric view of the circumstellar envelopes of northern FU?Orionis-type stars

摘要

Context. FU?Orionis-type objects are pre-main sequence, low-mass stars with large outbursts in visible light that last for several years or decades. They are thought to represent an evolutionary phase during the life of every young star when accretion from the circumstellar disk is enhanced during recurring time periods. These outbursts are able to rapidly build up the star while affecting the physical conditions inside the circumstellar disk and thus the ongoing or future planet formation. In many models, infall from a circumstellar envelope seems to be necessary to trigger the outbursts. Aims. We characterise the morphology and the physical parameters of the circumstellar material around FU?Orionis-type stars using the emission of millimetre-wavelength molecular tracers. The high-spatial-resolution study provides insight into the evolutionary state of the objects, the distribution of parameters in the envelopes and the physical processes forming the environment of these stars. Methods. We observed the J = 1 ? 0 rotational transition of ~(13) CO and C ~(18) O towards eight northern FU?Orionis-type stars (V1057?Cyg, V1515?Cyg, V2492?Cyg, V2493?Cyg, V1735?Cyg, V733?Cep, RNO?1B and RNO?1C) and determine the spatial and velocity structure of the circumstellar gas on a scale of a few thousand AU. We derive temperatures and envelope masses and discuss the kinematics of the circumstellar material. Results. We detected extended CO emission associated with all our targets. Smaller-scale CO clumps were found to be associated with five objects with radii of 2000 ? 5000?AU and masses of 0.02 ? 0.5? M _(⊙) ; these are clearly heated by the central stars. Three of these envelopes are also strongly detected in the 2.7?mm continuum. No central CO clumps were detected around V733?Cep and V710?Cas which can be interpreted as envelopes but there are many other clumps in their environments. Traces of outflow activity were observed towards V1735?Cyg, V733?Cep and V710?Cas. Conclusions. The diversity of the observed envelopes enables us to set up an evolutionary sequence between the objects. We find their evolutionary state to range from early, embedded Class?I stage to late, Class?II-type objects with very-low-mass circumstellar material. We also find evidence of larger-scale circumstellar material influencing the detected spectral features in the environment of our targets. These results reinforce the idea of FU?Orionis-type stars as representatives of a transitory stage between embedded Class I young stellar objects and classical T Tauri stars.