It has been more than 20 years since the implementation of the state-owned enterprises (SOE)reform in China. This reform, which is still under practice nowadays, is regarded as animportant milestone for the construction of the Chinese market economy. From one side, thiseconomic reform discards the Soviet-type management system in SOEs and improves economic efficiency. However, when the reform is in progress, on the other hand, the iron-bowlsystem was broken up. Tens of thousands of SOE workers who had once been promisedemployment for life were fired during the process of economic restructuring. Many of thelaid-off workers have become marginalized groups in modern China.
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